The comfort and functional performance of personal protective equipment for police officers: a systematic scoping review.

This scoping review aimed to identify and summarise evidence on the comfort and functional performance of police officer personal protective equipment (PPE). The Arksey and O'Malley (2005) five-stage framework for scoping reviews was followed. PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched, and 35 articles were included in the review.

A systematic review of the physiological and biomechanical differences between males and females in response to load carriage during walking activities.

The purpose of this review was to systematically assess literature on differences between males and females in the physiological and biomechanical responses to load carriage during walking. PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane library were searched. A total of 4637 records were identified and screened.

Monitoring the physical demands of training in Rugby League: the practices and perceptions of practitioners.

The physical demands of elite sport are often monitored with the aim of making evidence-based decisions to enhance performance and reduce injury risk. However, there is limited evidence in rugby league of the monitoring practices and perspectives of practitioners. This study provides a cross-sectional view of practices and perspectives of rugby league practitioners engaged in monitoring the physical demands of training.

The Physical and Physiological Match-Play Locomotor Activity Profiles of Elite Domestic Male Field Hockey.

A new four-quarter match format in field hockey has meant that the locomotor activity profiles of the sport are inconsistent with the literature. The aim of this investigation was to identify the physical and physiological demands of national-level male hockey players. Thirty-two male players participated in the study.

The energetic, kinematic and kinetic responses to load carried on the back, on the head and in a doublepack.

The determinants of energy saving phenomena reported for load carried on the head, back and in a doublepack remain unclear. This study compared the energetic, kinematic and kinetic responses to head (H), back (B) and doublepack (DP) loading. Fifteen volunteers walked on an instrumented treadmill at 3 kmh with 0, 3, 12 and 20 kg in each loading method.

Lower-Limb Muscle Excitation, Peak Torque, and External Load Responses to a 120-Minute Treadmill-Based Soccer-Specific Simulation.

: The aim of this study was to investigate thigh musculature excitation and torque generation in response to soccer-specific exercise incorporating an extra-time (ET) period. : Twelve semiprofessional soccer players performed 120-min treadmill-based soccer-specific exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) signals for the rectus femoris (EMG) and biceps femoris (EMG) were measured as the mean response across a pre-determined 10-second sprint bout during each 15-min block of exercise.

An error in the analysis of "An eye for the I".

Reports an error in "An eye for the I: Preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members" by Kerry Kawakami, Amanda Williams, David Sidhu, Becky L. Choma, Rosa Rodriguez-Bailón, Elena Cañadas, Derek Chung and Kurt Hugenberg (, 2014[Jul], Vol 107[1], 1-20). Kawakami and colleagues (Kawakami et al.

Inter-individual variability in load carriage economy and comparisons between different load conditions.

Equivocal findings exist for the economy associated with load carried close to the body's centre of mass. Individual variation could explain some of the equivocal findings. This research aimed to examine the extent of individual variation in loaded walking economy.

A comparison of economy and sagittal plane trunk movements among back-, back/front- and head-loading.

It has been suggested that freedom of movement in the trunk could influence load carriage economy. This study aimed to compare the economy and sagittal plane trunk movements associated with three load carriage methods that constrain posture differently. Eighteen females walked at 3 kmh with loads of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 20 kg carried on the back, back/front and head.

Phenoseasonal subcanopy light dynamics and the effects of light on the physiological ecology of a common understory shrub, Lindera benzoin.

The purpose of this work was to quantify the variation of subcanopy spatiotemporal light dynamics over the course of a year and to link it to the physiological ecology of the understory shrub, Lindera benzoin L. Blume (northern spicebush). Covering all seven phenoseasons of a deciduous forest, this work utilized a line quantum sensor to measure the variation in subcanopy light levels under all sky conditions at different times of the day.

The reliability of the Extra Load Index as a measure of relative load carriage economy.

The aim of this study was to measure the reliability of the extra load index (ELI) as a method for assessing relative load carriage economy. Seventeen volunteers (12 males, 5 females) performed walking trials at 3 km·h, 6 km·h and a self-selected speed. Trial conditions were repeated 7 days later to assess test-retest reliability.

Of Kith and Kin: Perceptual Enrichment, Expectancy, and Reciprocity in Face Perception.

Race powerfully affects perceivers' responses to faces, promoting biases in attention, classification, and memory. To account for these diverse effects, we propose a model that integrates social cognitive work with two prominent accounts of visual processing: perceptual learning and predictive coding. Our argument is that differential experience with a racial ingroup promotes both (a) perceptual enrichment, including richer, more well-integrated visual representations of ingroup relative to outgroup faces, and (b) expectancies that ingroup faces are normative, which influence subsequent visual processing.

Childhood contact predicts hemispheric asymmetry in cross-race face processing.

Participants typically process same-race faces more quickly and more accurately than cross-race faces. This deficit is amplified in the right hemisphere of the brain, presumably due to its involvement in configural processing. The present research tested the idea that cross-race contact tunes cognitive and perceptual systems, influencing this asymmetric race-based deficit in face processing.

Biofragments: an approach towards predicting protein function using biologically related fragments and its application to Mycobacterium tuberculosis CYP126.

We present a novel fragment-based approach that tackles some of the challenges for chemical biology of predicting protein function. The general approach, which we have termed biofragments, comprises two key stages. First, a biologically relevant fragment library (biofragment library) can be designed and constructed from known sets of substrate-like ligands for a protein class of interest.

Nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometric study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CYP121-ligand interactions.

Nondenaturing nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoESI MS) of intact protein complexes was used to study CYP121, one of the 20 cytochrome P450s in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and an enzyme that is essential for bacterial viability. The results shed new light on both ligand-free and ligand-bound states of CYP121. Isolated unbound CYP121 is a predominantly dimeric protein, with a minor monomeric form present.

Kite skier's toe: an unusual case of frostbite.

Frostbite is a well-known occurrence in outdoor winter activity and exploration. We report the first documented case of frostbite associated with kite skiing. Kite skiing is an emerging sport that uses a kite to harness wind power for recreation and to travel long distances on skis.

Fragment-based approaches in drug discovery and chemical biology.

Fragment-based approaches to finding novel small molecules that bind to proteins are now firmly established in drug discovery and chemical biology. Initially developed primarily in a few centers in the biotech and pharma industry, this methodology has now been adopted widely in both the pharmaceutical industry and academia. After the initial success with kinase targets, the versatility of this approach has now expanded to a broad range of different protein classes.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome P450 enzymes: a cohort of novel TB drug targets.

TB (tuberculosis) disease remains responsible for the death of over 1.5 million people each year. The alarming emergence of drug-resistant TB has sparked a critical need for new front-line TB drugs with a novel mode of action.

Managing anaphylaxis in a jungle environment.

Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency requiring prompt action to prevent death from cardio-respiratory collapse. It can be a biphasic, unpredictable, and challenging reaction to deal with even in a hospital environment. The wilderness environments afforded by expeditions, remote health posts, and military exercises pose additional challenges often involving casualty evacuation.

Effect of β-alanine plus sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity cycling capacity.

Purpose: We examined the effect of β-alanine supplementation plus sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity cycling capacity.

Methods: Twenty males (age = 25 ± 5 yr, height = 1.79 ± 0.

The thioflavin T fluorescence assay for amyloid fibril detection can be biased by the presence of exogenous compounds.

Thioflavin T (ThT) dye fluorescence is used regularly to quantify the formation and inhibition of amyloid fibrils in the presence of anti-amyloidogenic compounds such as polyphenols. However, in this study, it was shown, using three polyphenolics (curcumin, quercetin and resveratrol), that ThT fluorescence should be used with caution in the presence of such exogenous compounds. The strong absorptive and fluorescent properties of quercetin and curcumin were found to significantly bias the ThT fluorescence readings in both in situ real-time ThT assays and single time-point dilution ThT-type assays.

(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) maintains kappa-casein in its pre-fibrillar state without redirecting its aggregation pathway.

The polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has recently attracted much research interest in the field of protein-misfolding diseases because of its potent anti-amyloid activity against amyloid-beta, alpha-synuclein and huntingtin, the amyloid-fibril-forming proteins involved in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, respectively. EGCG redirects the aggregation of these polypeptides to a disordered off-folding pathway that results in the formation of non-toxic amorphous aggregates. Whether this anti-fibril activity is specific to these disease-related target proteins or is more generic remains to be established.