Effect of Sodium Benzoate vs Placebo Among Individuals With Early Psychosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: There is evidence that sodium benzoate (BZ) may be an effective adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia. The clinical efficacy of BZ has been investigated in chronic schizophrenia; however, the efficacy of this agent has not been studied in individuals with early psychosis.

Objective: To examine the clinical efficacy of the adjunctive use of BZ for symptoms in people with early psychosis.

Protocol update and statistical analysis plan for CADENCE-BZ: a randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy of sodium benzoate as an adjunctive treatment in early psychosis.

Background: CADENCE-BZ is a multi-centre, parallel-group, double-blind randomized controlled trial designed to examine the clinical efficacy and safety of an accessible food preservative, sodium benzoate, as an add-on treatment for patients with early psychosis. The original study protocol was published in 2017. Here, we describe the updated protocol along with the Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP) for the CADENCE-BZ trial prior to study completion.

The prevalence and treatment outcomes of antineuronal antibody-positive patients admitted with first episode of psychosis.

Background: Antineuronal antibodies are associated with psychosis, although their clinical significance in first episode of psychosis (FEP) is undetermined.

Aims: To examine all patients admitted for treatment of FEP for antineuronal antibodies and describe clinical presentations and treatment outcomes in those who were antibody positive.

Method: Individuals admitted for FEP to six mental health units in Queensland, Australia, were prospectively tested for serum antineuronal antibodies.

The efficacy of sodium benzoate as an adjunctive treatment in early psychosis - CADENCE-BZ: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Psychotic disorders affect up to 3% of the population and are often chronic and disabling. Innovation in the pharmacological treatment of psychosis has remained stagnant in recent decades. In order to improve outcomes for those with psychotic disorders, we present a protocol for the trial of a common food preservative, sodium benzoate, as an adjunctive treatment in early psychosis.

Delirium among children and adolescents in an urban sub-Saharan African setting.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to describe the demographic and clinical profile, mortality rates, and effectiveness of a multifaceted treatment approach in hospitalized children and adolescents with delirium referred to psychiatry.

Methods: We report a series of 23 children and adolescents prospectively diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, delirium after referral to a consultation-liaison psychiatry service based in a large, regional, dedicated children's hospital in South Africa.

Results: Children and adolescents with delirium referred to psychiatrists appear to represent a subgroup of delirious patients with a high risk of mortality, an underrepresentation of hypoactive cases, and complex, multifactorial, and often uncertain etiologies.

Delirium in children and adolescents: A systematic review of the literature.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to collate all works relating to delirium and probable delirium in children and adolescents published since 1980.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature in all languages published between 1980 and March 2009 was conducted.

Results: The literature is limited to small case series and case reports including a total of 217 children or adolescents with definite delirium and a further 136 children and adolescents with "probable delirium.

Packages of care for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in low- and middle-income countries.

In the sixth in a series of six articles on packages of care for mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries, Alan Flisher and colleagues discuss the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The diagnosis and treatment of delirium in children.

Delirium is commonly encountered in the setting of paediatric consultation-liaison psychiatry. However, it is commonly misdiagnosed as current operational diagnostic criteria may be difficult to apply in children. We present a practical approach to eliciting the signs and symptoms of delirium in children and a proposed treatment algorithm which elaborates a variety of environmental management strategies and includes explicit thresholds for the use of antipsychotic medications.

Delirium in children with HIV/AIDS.

Delirium in children has received little attention from researchers until very recently, despite being a frequently encountered clinical problem, particularly in the context of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). In this article, we report 3 cases of severe hyperactive delirium occurring in children with advanced HIV/AIDS in the context of probable underlying HIV encephalopathy and complex drug-drug interactions. We also present a hypothesis in relation to HIV-associated delirium as a potential neuropsychiatric manifestation of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in children commenced on highly active antiretroviral therapy.