Ultrasonic-Assisted Spin-Coating: Improved Junction by Enhanced Permeation of a Coating Material within Nanostructures.

Over the last decades, the spin-coating (SC) technique has been widely used to prepare thin films of various materials in the liquid phase on arbitrary substrates. The technique simply relies on the centrifugal force to spread a coating solution radially outward over the substrate. This mechanism works fairly well for solutions with low surface tension to form thin films of reasonable junctions on smooth substrates.

Chinese Cabbage Clubroot Pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae, Is Genetically Stable.

Single spore isolates of Plasmodiophora brassicae e4 and e9 obtained from diseased Chinese cabbage were identified as race 4 and race 9, respectively, by the Williams' differential variety set. To confirm the possibility of variation in same generation and progeny of a single spore isolate of P. brassicae, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was conducted using the URP 3, 6 and OPA 7 primers.