Nanoparticles as a Tool for Alleviating Plant Stress: Mechanisms, Implications, and Challenges.

Plants, being sessile, are continuously exposed to varietal environmental stressors, which consequently induce various bio-physiological changes in plants that hinder their growth and development. Oxidative stress is one of the undesirable consequences in plants triggered due to imbalance in their antioxidant defense system. Biochemical studies suggest that nanoparticles are known to affect the antioxidant system, photosynthesis, and DNA expression in plants.

Current Studies on Bakanae Disease in Rice: Host Range, Molecular Identification, and Disease Management.

The seed borne disease such as bakanae is difficult to control. Crop yield loss caused by bakanae depending on the regions and varieties grown, ranging from 3.0% to 95.

Cultivar Resistance of Korean Breeding Cut-Rose against Crown Gall by Agrobacterium tumefaciens Evaluated by an In Vitro Inoculation.

Rose crown gall caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a major disease that damages the production of cut-roses in Korea. The effective prevention methods for this disease include the use of resistant varieties. This study was conducted to evaluate the resistance of 58 Korean cultivars and six foreign cultivars to crown gall disease with nodal explants in vitro.

Development and Optimization of a Rapid Colorimetric Membrane Immunoassay for .

() is a major bacterial pathogen that causes periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of tissues around the teeth. Periodontitis is known to be related to other diseases, such as oral cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and rheumatism. Thus, a precise and sensitive test to detect is necessary for the early diagnosis of periodontitis.

Characterization of Soil Microorganism from Humus and Indigenous Microorganism Amendments.

This study was conducted to understand the dynamics of microbial communities of soil microorganisms, and their distribution and abundance in the indigenous microorganisms (IMOs) manipulated from humus collected from the forest near the crop field. The soil microorganisms originated from humus and artificially cultured microbial-based soil amendments were characterized by molecular and biochemical analyses. The bacterial population (2 × 10∼13 × 10 CFU/g sample) was approximately 100-fold abundant than the fungal population (2 × 10∼8 × 10 CFU/g sample).

Isolation and Characterization of Avirulent and Virulent Strains of from Rose Crown Gall in Selected Regions of South Korea.

is a plant pathogen that causes crown gall disease in various hosts across kingdoms. In the present study, five regions (Wonju, Jincheon, Taean, Suncheon, and Kimhae) of South Korea were chosen to isolate strains on roses and assess their opine metabolism (agrocinopine, nopaline, and octopine) genes based on PCR amplification. These isolated strains were confirmed as using morphological, biochemical, and 16S rDNA analyses; and pathogenicity tests, including the growth characteristics of the white colony appearance on ammonium sulfate glucose minimal media, enzyme activities, 16S rDNA sequence alignment, and pathogenicity on tomato ( ).

Bacillus subtilis CBR05 induces Vitamin B6 biosynthesis in tomato through the de novo pathway in contributing disease resistance against Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.

Expression profiling for genes involved in Vitamin B6 (VitB6) biosynthesis was undertaken to delineate the involvement of de novo and salvage pathway induced by Bacillus subtilis CBR05 against, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in tomato. Pyridoxine biosynthesis (PDX) genes such as PDX1.

Enhancement of vitality and activity of a plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) by atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma.

The inconsistent vitality and efficiency of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are technical limitations in the application of PGPB as biofertilizer. To improve these disadvantages, we examined the potential of micro Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma to enhance the vitality and functional activity of a PGPB, Bacillus subtilis CB-R05. Bacterial multiplication and motility were increased after plasma treatment, and the level of a protein involved in cell division was elevated in plasma treated bacteria.

Chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles induced expression of pathogenesis-related proteins genes enhances biotic stress tolerance in tomato.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the possibility of control of wilt disease caused by Fusarium andiyazi through chitosan (CS) and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs). In the present study, the expression pattern of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins genes such as PR-1, PR-2 (β-1,3-glucanase), PR-8 (chitinase), and PR-10 was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. In vitro studies showed that among different concentrations (0.

Proline Accumulation Influenced by Osmotic Stress in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiotic Plants.

Salinity and drought are the major osmotic stress limitations that affect plant growth and crop yield in agriculture worldwide. The alternative response mediated by plants in response to salinity and drought are principally proline accumulation which regulates stress combat strategies owing to sustainable production in the realm of agricultural production even under severe stress. Symbiotic and soil associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are regarded as efficient biofertilizers in several crops under these stresses.

The Major Postharvest Disease of Onion and Its Control with Thymol Fumigation During Low-Temperature Storage.

Onion ( L.) is one of the major vegetable crops in Korea that are damaged and lost by pathogenic fungal infection during storage due to a lack of proper storage conditions. The aim of this study was to determine an appropriate control measure using thymol to increase the shelf life of onions.

Vitamin B6 biosynthetic genes expression and antioxidant enzyme properties in tomato against, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora.

Vitamin B6 (VitB6) is an essential cofactor for >140 biochemical reactions. Also, VitB6 is a potent antioxidant and helps plants cope with both biotic and abiotic stress conditions. However, the role of VitB6 in plant disease resistance has yet to be confirmed using molecular biology approaches.

Expression of PR-protein genes and induction of defense-related enzymes by Bacillus subtilis CBR05 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants challenged with Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis CBR05 for control of soft rot disease (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) in tomato, and the possible mechanisms of its resistance induction have been investigated under pot conditions. Results showed that plants inoculated with B.

Meta-analysis Reveals That the Genus Pseudomonas Can Be a Better Choice of Biological Control Agent against Bacterial Wilt Disease Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum.

Biological control agents (BCAs) from different microbial taxa are increasingly used to control bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. However, a quantitative research synthesis has not been conducted on the role of BCAs in disease suppression. Therefore, the present study aimed to meta-analyze the impacts of BCAs on both Ralstonia wilt disease suppression and plant (host) growth promotion.

Water soluble nanocurcumin extracted from turmeric challenging the microflora from human oral cavity.

Water soluble nanocurcumin prepared from commercial turmeric powders was compared against ethanol extracted curcumin particles. The oral microflora from five different human volunteers was collected and the efficacy of solvent extracted curcumin versus water extracted nanocurcumin was demonstrated. Nanocurcumin activity against oral microflora confirms its antimicrobial potency.

Isolation, characterization and molecular three-dimensional structural predictions of metalloprotease from a phytopathogenic fungus, Alternaria solani (Ell. and Mart.) Sor.

The present study aims at isolation, identification, characterization and prediction of three-dimensional molecular architecture of a proteolytic enzyme from the early blight pathogen, Alternaria solani which are hypothesized to be a marker of phytopathogenicity. Maximum enzyme production by A. solani was observed in Czapex's Dox broth amended with 2% (w/v) casein than other inducer amendments.

A Single-Step Purification of Cauliflower Lysozyme and Its Dual Role Against Bacterial and Fungal Plant Pathogens.

A novel lysozyme from cauliflower was purified in a single step, for the first time, using Sephadex G100 column chromatography. The purified lysozyme exhibited a homogenized single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and its molecular mass was calculated to be 22.0 kDa.

State-of-the-art nanoplatform-integrated MALDI-MS impacting resolutions in urinary proteomics.

Urine proteomics has become a subject of interest, since it has led to a number of breakthroughs in disease diagnostics. Urine contains information not only from the kidney and the urinary tract but also from other organs, thus urinary proteome analysis allows for identification of biomarkers for both urogenital and systemic diseases. The following review gives a brief overview of the analytical techniques that have been in practice for urinary proteomics.

Water-extracted Ampelopsis brevipedunculata downregulates IL-1β,CCL5, and COX-2 expression via inhibition of PKC-mediated JNK/NF-κB signaling pathways in human monocytic cells.

The anti-inflammatory and anti-hepatotoxic effects of Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (A.bre) have been well known in folk medicine. An ethanol-extract of A.

Effect of thymol and linalool fumigation on postharvest diseases of table grapes.

Several postharvest diseases of table grapes (Vitis vinifera) occur during storage, and gray mold rot is a particularly severe disease because the causal agent, Botrytis cinerea, grows at temperatures as low as 0℃. Other postharvest diseases, such as those caused by Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp.

Expression analysis of rice pathogenesis-related proteins involved in stress response and endophytic colonization properties of gfp-tagged Bacillus subtilis CB-R05.

Bacillus subtilis CB-R05, possessing antagonistic effects against several fungal pathogens, is a diazotrophic plant growth-promoting bacteria marked with the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene. To confirm the expression level of the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in rice inoculated with CB-R05, the expressions of four pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins (PR2, PR6, PR15, and PR16) were examined in the rice leaves treated with wounding stress over a time period. The PR proteins were generally more strongly expressed in the rice leaves inoculated with CB-R05 compared with the untreated control.

Effects of biopolymer encapsulation on trans fatty acid digestibility in an in vitro human digestion system.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of biopolymer encapsulation on the digestion of trans fatty acids by using an in vitro human digestion model. We simulated the main components of the human digestive system using a dialysis tubing system that contained synthetic saliva, gastric juice, and digestive enzymes of the small intestine. Trans fatty acid-enriched fat was encapsulated with 1% chitosan, pectin, cellulose, and β-glucan, and passed through the model system.

Effect of adenovirus and influenza virus infection on obesity.

The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the effects of adenovirus and influenza virus infections on obesity in various experimental models. We reviewed studies that were conducted within the past 10 years and were related to virus infection and obesity prevalence. Here, we discuss a different causal relationship between adenovirus and influenza infections with obesity.

Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting endophytic diazotrophic bacteria from Korean rice cultivars.

We have isolated 576 endophytic bacteria from the leaves, stems, and roots of 10 rice cultivars and identified 12 of them as diazotrophic bacteria using a specific primer set of nif gene. Through 16S rDNA sequence analysis, nifH genes were confirmed in the two species of Penibacillus, three species of Microbacterium, three Bacillus species, and four species of Klebsiella. Rice seeds treated with these plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) showed improved plant growth, increased height and dry weight and antagonistic effects against fungal pathogens.

Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and biopolymer encapsulation on lipid metabolism in mice.

Forty mice were randomly divided into four groups on the basis of the diet to be fed as follows: 5% (low) fat diet (T1: LF); 20% (high) fat diet (T2: HF); 20% fat containing 1% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (T3: HFC); and 20% fat containing 1% CLA with 0.5% biopolymers (T4: HFCB). The high-fat with CLA diet groups (HFC and HFCB) and the low-fat diet group (LF) tended to have lower body weights and total adipose tissue weights than those of the high-fat diet group (HF).