Chemical Differences in Environmental Films Collected on Surfaces with Different Hydrophilicity.

Environmental films form when airborne particles and molecular species adsorb on solid surfaces. Recent studies have characterized these films but overlook how collection methods and host-surface character (orientation, chemical functionality, or height) change the deposition process. In this work, environmental films are collected at a rural location on gold and silicon surfaces (water contact angles of ca.

Increasing Cation Ion Symmetry Reduces Ionic Liquid Ordering in Thin Films.

Ionic liquids have been shown to form extended ordered structures near surfaces and in bulk. Identifying fundamental driving force(s) for this organization has been elusive. In this paper, we test a hypothesis that the ionic liquid asymmetry, inherent in many of the IL formulations to frustrate crystallization, is a significant contributor to the observed ordering.

Drosophila are hosts to the first described parasitoid wasp of adult flies.

Parasitoid wasps are exceptionally diverse and use specialized adaptations capable of manipulating the physiology and behaviour of host organisms. In more than two centuries since the first records of Drosophila-parasitizing wasps, nearly 200 described and provisional parasitoid species of drosophilids have been identified. These include endoparasitoids and ectoparasitoids, as well as species attacking larval and pupal hosts.

A Quantitative Real-Time PCR Method to Detect the Quinoa Downy Mildew Pathogen, .

Quinoa downy mildew, caused by , is the most devastating disease of quinoa globally. Rapid, sensitive diagnostic methods are needed to detect and quantify this pathogen in seeds and plant tissue. A hydrolysis probe-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay including a competitive internal control was developed for detection.

A New Species of Aleiodes Wesmael (Braconidae, Rogadinae) with Potential for Biological Control of Spodoptera spp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), and Notes on the Definition of the gastritor, circumscriptus, and Related Species-Groups.

A new species of Aleiodes Wesmael in the gastritor Thunberg species-group is described and illustrated. The new species, Aleiodes ceres Shimbori sp.n.

A revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Mason with the description of 30 new species (Hymenoptera, Braconidae).

The parasitoid wasp genus Mason, 1981 is revised, based on a combination of basic morphology (dichotomous key and brief diagnostic descriptions), DNA barcoding, biology (host data and wasp cocoons), and distribution data. A total of 49 species is considered; the genus is almost entirely Neotropical (48 species recorded from that region), but three species reach the Nearctic, with one of them extending as far north as 45° N in Canada. parasitizes exclusively Hesperiinae caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), mostly feeding on monocots in the families Arecaceae, Bromeliaceae, Cannaceae, Commelinaceae, Heliconiaceae, and Poaceae.

Association of Chemical Aggregates and Fungal Moieties Affecting Native Environmental Films.

Fungi are prevalent microorganisms in environmental films. Their impacts on the film chemical environment and morphology remains poorly defined. Here we present microscopic and chemical analyses fungi impacts to environmental films over long- and short-time scales.

A Quantitative PCR Method to Detect the Tomato Corky Root Rot Pathogens, and .

Corky root rot is an important disease in tomato production systems and is caused by and (formerly Types 1 and 2, respectively). The corky root rot pathogens are slow growing and difficult to isolate and quantify in soil and plant tissue. A multiplex hydrolysis probe-based qPCR assay was designed to allow for simultaneous detection and quantification of and with a competitive internal control to indicate if qPCR inhibitors are present.

Revision of the endemic African genus (Dinapsini, Megalyridae, Hymenoptera) with description of seven new species.

The endemic Afrotropical genus is revised, and seven new species are described and illustrated: van Noort & Shaw, , van Noort & Shaw, , van Noort & Shaw, , van Noort & Shaw, , van Noort & Shaw, , Shaw & van Noort, , Shaw & van Noort, The distribution of the Central African Republican species Shaw & van Noort, 2009 is extended to include Cameroon, Kenya and Uganda. Waterston, 1922, previously only known from the poorly preserved holotype female, is redescribed based on newly collected specimens. The distribution of this Western Cape species is extended to include the Eastern and Northern Cape provinces of South Africa.

Overcoming Limitations in Decarboxylative Arylation via Ag-Ni Electrocatalysis.

A useful protocol for achieving decarboxylative cross-coupling (DCC) of redox-active esters (RAE, isolated or generated in situ) and halo(hetero)arenes is reported. This pragmatically focused study employs a unique Ag-Ni electrocatalytic platform to overcome numerous limitations that have plagued this strategically powerful transformation. In its optimized form, coupling partners can be combined in a surprisingly simple way: open to the air, using technical-grade solvents, an inexpensive ligand and Ni source, and substoichiometric AgNO, proceeding at room temperature with a simple commercial potentiostat.

Host surface orientation impacts environmental film accumulations.

Two environmental films were passively collected in different orientations (vertical or horizontal) at the same location over two months. We characterized these films using bright field microscopy, total dissolved species analysis, pH analysis, vibrational interfacial spectroscopy, and contact angle goniometry. Results show that horizontal films have significantly higher surface coverage than the vertical samples (+50%).

Solvents and Stabilization in Ionic Liquid Films.

We report the interfacial structures and chemical environments of ionic liquid films as a function of dilution with molecular solvents and over a range of film thicknesses (a few micrometers). Data from spectroscopic ellipsometry and infrared spectroscopy measurements show differences between films comprised of neat ionic liquids, as well as films comprised of ionic liquids diluted with two molecular solvents (water and acetonitrile). While the water-diluted IL films follow thickness trends predicted by the Landau-Levich model, neat IL and IL/MeCN films deviate significantly from predicted behaviors.

Quantifying Variations in Metal-Ligand Cooperative Binding Strength with Cyclic Voltammetry and Redox-Active Ligands.

Metal-ligand cooperativity (MLC), a phenomenon that leverages reactive ligands to promote synergistic reactions with metals, has proven to be a powerful approach to achieving new and unprecedented chemical transformations with metal complexes. While many examples of MLC are known with a wide range of substrates, experimentally quantifying how ligand modifications affect MLC binding strength remains a challenge. Here we describe how cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to quantify differences in MLC binding strength in a series of square-pyramidal Ru complexes.

Ultraconserved elements-based systematics reveals evolutionary patterns of host-plant family shifts and phytophagy within the predominantly parasitoid braconid wasp subfamily Doryctinae.

Phytophagy has promoted species diversification in many insect groups, including Hymenoptera, one of the most diverse animal orders on Earth. In the predominantly parasitoid family Braconidae, an association with insect-induced, plant galls in angiosperms have been reported in three subfamilies, but in particular in the Doryctinae, where it has been recorded to occur in species of ten genera. Allorhogas Gahan is the most species-rich of these genera, with its species having different phytophagous strategies.

Minimalist revision and description of 403 new species in 11 subfamilies of Costa Rican braconid parasitoid wasps, including host records for 219 species.

Three new genera are described: (Proteropinae), (Rogadinae), and (Rogadinae). Keys are given for the New World genera of the following braconid subfamilies: Agathidinae, Braconinae, Cheloninae, Homolobinae, Hormiinae, Ichneutinae, Macrocentrinae, Orgilinae, Proteropinae, Rhysipolinae, and Rogadinae. In these subfamilies 416 species are described or redescribed.

Practical Online Monitoring of Ionic Liquid Fiber Welding Solvent.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are becoming important solvents in commerce, but monitoring their purity and performance in industrial applications presents new challenges. Fiber welding technology utilizes ILs to mold and shape natural fibers (cotton, hemp, flax, silk, and wool) into morphologies that are typically attained only using synthetic, petroleum-based non-biodegradable plastics. The result is an atom-efficient process that up-converts fibrous substrates to value-added products and materials.

Enabling Superhydrophobicity-Guided Superwicking in Metal Alloys via a Nanosecond Laser-Based Surface Treatment Method.

Enabling capillary wicking on bulk metal alloys is challenging due to processing complexity at different size scales. This work presents a laser-chemical surface treatment to fabricate superwicking patterns guided by a superhydrophobic region over a large-area metal alloy surface. The laser-chemical surface treatment generates surface micro/nanostructures and desirable surface chemistry simultaneously.

Imidazolium Triflate Ionic Liquids' Capacitance-Potential Relationships and Transport Properties Affected by Cation Chain Lengths.

In this paper we report the effects of five imidazolium cations with varying alkyl chain lengths to study the effects of cation size on capacitance versus voltage behavior. The cations include ethyl-, butyl-, hexyl-, octyl-, and decyl-3-methylimidazolium, all paired with a triflate anion. We analyze the capacitance with respect to the cation alkyl chain length qualitatively and quantitatively by analyzing changes in the capacitance-potential curvature shape and magnitude across several standard scanning protocols and electrochemical techniques.

Effect of silver electrode wetting state on oxygen reduction electrochemistry.

Surface wettability plays an important role in heterogeneous electrocatalysis. Here we report a facile laser ablation strategy to directly modify the wettability of the silver catalyst surface and investigate its effect on oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). A broad range tuning of 2e/4e ORR pathways was achieved, with hydrophilic silver surfaces (contact angle (θ) 31.

Two new species and distribution records for the genus Belokobylskij, 1987 from Costa Rica (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Cardiochilinae).

Two new species of Belokobylskij, 1987 from Costa Rica are described: Kang, . and Kang, These are new distribution records for the genus in the Neotropical region. In addition, a key to species of the genus of Costa Rica is presented.

A taxonomic study of Dinapsis Waterson, 1922 from Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Megalyridae, Dinapsini): crested wasps of the hirtipes species-group.

Five new species, Dinapsis albicauda, n. sp., D.

Discovery and structure activity relationships of 7-benzyl triazolopyridines as stable, selective, and reversible inhibitors of myeloperoxidase.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme peroxidase found in neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages that efficiently catalyzes the oxidation of endogenous chloride into hypochlorous acid for antimicrobial activity. Chronic MPO activation can lead to indiscriminate protein modification causing tissue damage, and has been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, and acute cardiovascular events. Triazolopyrimidine 5 is a reversible MPO inhibitor; however it suffers from poor stability in acid, and is an irreversible inhibitor of the DNA repair protein methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT).

A revision of the (Brues) species subgroup of the species group with the descriptions of 18 new species from the Neotropical Region.

The (Brues) species subgroup of the species group is defined based on two previously described species, and (Enderlein), and is greatly expanded in this paper with an identification key, descriptions, and illustrations of 18 new species from the Neotropical Region: Shaw & Shimbori, ; Shimbori & Shaw, ; Shimbori & Shaw, ; Shimbori & Shaw, ; Shimbori & Shaw, .; Shimbori & Shaw, ; Shimbori & Shaw, ; Shimbori & Shaw, .; Shaw & Shimbori, ; Shimbori & Shaw, ; Shimbori & Shaw, ; Shimbori & Shaw, ; Shimbori & Shaw, ; Shimbori & Shaw, ; Shimbori & Shaw, ; Shimbori & Shaw, ; Shaw & Shimbori, ; and Shimbori & Penteado-Dias, It is hypothesized that the species subgroup is a monophyletic lineage within the larger and probably artificial species group (those with a comb of flat setae at the apex of the hind tibia), and can be distinguished from other members of the group by having the hind wing vein r present, although weakly indicated; the hind wing marginal cell suddenly widened at junction of veins RS and r; the subbasal cell of the fore wing mostly glabrous but often with two rows of short setae subapically; glabrous regions of the wings also commonly found in the first subdiscal, discal, and basal cells of the fore wing, and the basal cell of hind wing; ocelli quite large, with the width of a lateral ocellus being distinctly larger than the ocellar-ocular distance; and being relatively large species with body almost entirely brownish yellow or reddish brown.

Influence of Multisite Metal-Ligand Cooperativity on the Redox Activity of Noninnocent NS Ligands.

Metal-ligand cooperativity (MLC) relies on chemically reactive ligands to assist metals with small-molecule binding and activation, and it has facilitated unprecedented examples of catalysis with metal complexes. Despite growing interest in combining ligand-centered chemical and redox reactions for chemical transformations, there are few studies demonstrating how chemically engaging redox active ligands in MLC affects their electrochemical properties when bound to metals. Here we report stepwise changes in the redox activity of model Ru complexes as zero, one, and two BH molecules undergo MLC binding with a triaryl noninnocent NS ligand derived from -phenylenediamine ().