Error monitoring and response inhibition in adolescents with bipolar disorders: An ERP study.

Cognitive control develops throughout adolescence, a high-risk period for bipolar disorders (BD) onset. Despite neurobehavioral abnormalities in adults with BD, there is minimal research investigating deviations in cognitive control in adolescents with BD. Cognitive control involves numerous processes.

Impaired contour object perception in psychosis.

Background: Contour integration, the process of joining spatially separated elements into a single unified line, has consistently been found to be impaired in schizophrenia. Recent work suggests that this deficit could be associated with psychotic symptomatology, rather than a specific diagnosis such as schizophrenia.

Methods: Examining a transdiagnostic sample of participants with psychotic psychopathology, we obtained quantitative indices of contour perception in a psychophysical behavioral task.

Orientation-dependent contextual modulation of contrast in schizophrenia.

Introduction: Schizophrenia is associated with weakened contextual modulation of visual contrast perception, which is generally predicted by population average neural firing rates in primary visual cortex (V1). We use high field fMRI and a novel task to assess V1-instrinsic and V1-extrinsic mechanisms of atypical contextual modulation in schizophrenia.

Methods: We examined the BOLD responses of individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ = 34), bipolar disorder (BP = 25), unaffected first-degree relatives of SCZ (SREL = 20), unaffected first-degree relatives of BP (BPREL = 13) and healthy controls (CON = 23).

Generalized Slowing of Resting-State Neural Oscillations in People With Schizophrenia.

Background: Recent interest in how neural oscillations reflect the flow of information through the brain has led to partitioning electroencephalography (EEG) recordings into periodic (i.e., oscillatory) and aperiodic (i.

Altered Use of Context During Visual Perception in Psychotic Psychopathology: A Neurophysiological Investigation of Tuned and Untuned Suppression During Contrast Perception.

Background And Hypothesis: The human visual system streamlines visual processing by suppressing responses to textures that are similar to their surrounding context. Surround suppression is weaker in individuals with schizophrenia (ISZ); this altered use of visuospatial context may relate to the characteristic visual distortions they experience.

Study Design: To understand atypical surround suppression in psychotic psychopathology, we investigated neurophysiological responses in ISZ, healthy controls (HC), individuals with bipolar disorder (IBP), and first-degree relatives (ISZR/IBPR).

Verbal Learning and Memory Deficits across Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Insights from an ENIGMA Mega Analysis.

Deficits in memory performance have been linked to a wide range of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. While many studies have assessed the memory impacts of individual conditions, this study considers a broader perspective by evaluating how memory recall is differentially associated with nine common neuropsychiatric conditions using data drawn from 55 international studies, aggregating 15,883 unique participants aged 15-90. The effects of dementia, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder on immediate, short-, and long-delay verbal learning and memory (VLM) scores were estimated relative to matched healthy individuals.

Impaired contour object perception in psychosis.

Contour integration, the process of joining spatially separated elements into a single unified line, has consistently been found to be impaired in schizophrenia. Recent work suggests that this deficit could be associated with psychotic symptomatology, rather than a specific diagnosis such as schizophrenia. Examining a transdiagnostic sample of participants with psychotic psychopathology, we obtained quantitative indices of contour perception in a psychophysical behavioral task.

Neuropsychological Profiles of Deployment-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A LIMBIC-CENC Study.

Background And Objectives: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a concern for US service members and veterans (SMV), leading to heterogeneous psychological and cognitive outcomes. We sought to identify neuropsychological profiles of mild TBI (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among the largest SMV sample to date.

Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional baseline data from SMV with prior combat deployments enrolled in the ongoing Long-term Impact of Military-relevant Brain Injury Consortium-Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium prospective longitudinal study.

Principal component analysis as an efficient method for capturing multivariate brain signatures of complex disorders-ENIGMA study in people with bipolar disorders and obesity.

Multivariate techniques better fit the anatomy of complex neuropsychiatric disorders which are characterized not by alterations in a single region, but rather by variations across distributed brain networks. Here, we used principal component analysis (PCA) to identify patterns of covariance across brain regions and relate them to clinical and demographic variables in a large generalizable dataset of individuals with bipolar disorders and controls. We then compared performance of PCA and clustering on identical sample to identify which methodology was better in capturing links between brain and clinical measures.

Faster bi-stable visual switching in psychosis.

Bi-stable stimuli evoke two distinct perceptual interpretations that alternate and compete for dominance. Bi-stable perception is thought to be driven at least in part by mutual suppression between distinct neural populations that represent each percept. Abnormal visual perception has been observed among people with psychotic psychopathology (PwPP), and there is evidence to suggest that these visual deficits may depend on impaired neural suppression in the visual cortex.

The relationship between blast-related mild traumatic brain injury and executive function is moderated by white matter integrity.

Blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (BR mTBI) is a critical research area in recent combat veterans due to increased prevalence of survived blasts. Post-BR mTBI outcomes are highly heterogeneous and defining neurological differences may help in discrimination and prediction of cognitive outcomes. This study investigates whether white matter integrity, measured with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), could influence how remote BR mTBI history is associated with executive control.

Clarifying Cognitive Control Deficits in Psychosis via Drift Diffusion Modeling and Attractor Dynamics.

Background And Hypothesis: Cognitive control deficits are prominent in individuals with psychotic psychopathology. Studies providing evidence for deficits in proactive control generally examine average performance and not variation across trials for individuals-potentially obscuring detection of essential contributors to cognitive control. Here, we leverage intertrial variability through drift-diffusion models (DDMs) aiming to identify key contributors to cognitive control deficits in psychosis.

Intrusive Traumatic Re-Experiencing Domain: Functional Connectivity Feature Classification by the ENIGMA PTSD Consortium.

Background: Intrusive traumatic re-experiencing domain (ITRED) was recently introduced as a novel perspective on posttraumatic psychopathology, proposing to focus research of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the unique symptoms of intrusive and involuntary re-experiencing of the trauma, namely, intrusive memories, nightmares, and flashbacks. The aim of the present study was to explore ITRED from a neural network connectivity perspective.

Methods: Data were collected from 9 sites taking part in the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) PTSD Consortium ( 584) and included itemized PTSD symptom scores and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) data.

Reward anticipation-related neural activation following cued reinforcement in adults with psychotic psychopathology and biological relatives.

Background: Schizophrenia is associated with hypoactivation of reward sensitive brain areas during reward anticipation. However, it is unclear whether these neural functions are similarly impaired in other disorders with psychotic symptomatology or individuals with genetic liability for psychosis. If abnormalities in reward sensitive brain areas are shared across individuals with psychotic psychopathology and people with heightened genetic liability for psychosis, there may be a common neural basis for symptoms of diminished pleasure and motivation.

Examining the association between posttraumatic stress disorder and disruptions in cortical networks identified using data-driven methods.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with lower cortical thickness (CT) in prefrontal, cingulate, and insular cortices in diverse trauma-affected samples. However, some studies have failed to detect differences between PTSD patients and healthy controls or reported that PTSD is associated with greater CT. Using data-driven dimensionality reduction, we sought to conduct a well-powered study to identify vulnerable networks without regard to neuroanatomic boundaries.

Two neurostructural subtypes: results of machine learning on brain images from 4,291 individuals with schizophrenia.

Machine learning can be used to define subtypes of psychiatric conditions based on shared clinical and biological foundations, presenting a crucial step toward establishing biologically based subtypes of mental disorders. With the goal of identifying subtypes of disease progression in schizophrenia, here we analyzed cross-sectional brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 4,291 individuals with schizophrenia (1,709 females, age=32.5 years±11.

Adaptation in Young Military Recruits: Protocol for the Advancing Research on Mechanisms of Resilience (ARMOR) Prospective Longitudinal Study.

Background: Military services provide a unique opportunity for studying resilience, a dynamic process of successful adaptation (ie, doing well in terms of functioning and symptoms) in response to significant adversity. Despite the tremendous interest in positive adaptation among military service members, little is known about the processes underlying their resilience. Understanding the neurobiological, cognitive, and social mechanisms underlying adaptive functioning following military stressor exposure is essential for enhancing the resilience of military service members.

Long-term resting EEG correlates of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury and loss of consciousness: alterations in alpha-beta power.

Objective: Long-term changes to EEG spectra after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI, i.e., concussion) have been reported; however, the role of injury characteristics in long-term EEG changes is unclear.