MRI, arthroscopic and histopathologic cross correlation in biceps tenodesis specimens with emphasis on the normal appearing proximal tendon.

Purpose: To correlate the histopathologic appearances of resected long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) specimens following biceps tenodesis, with pre-operative MRI and arthroscopic findings, with attention to the radiologically normal biceps.

Material And Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients who had undergone preoperative MRI, subsequent arthroscopic subpectoral tenodesis for SLAP tears and histopathologic inspection of the excised sample between 2013 and 16. Those with a normal MRI appearance or mildly increased intrasubstance signal were independently analyzed by 2 blinded radiologists.

Stress fractures: pathophysiology, clinical presentation, imaging features, and treatment options.

Stress fracture, in its most inclusive description, includes both fatigue and insufficiency fracture. Fatigue fractures, sometimes equated with the term "stress fractures," are most common in runners and other athletes and typically occur in the lower extremities. These fractures are the result of abnormal, cyclical loading on normal bone leading to local cortical resorption and fracture.

Pitfalls in shoulder MRI: part 2--biceps tendon, bursae and cysts, incidental and postsurgical findings, and artifacts.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review frequently encountered pitfalls as they pertain to the biceps tendon, bursae and cysts around the shoulder, incidental findings, postsurgical findings, and frequently encountered imaging artifacts.

Conclusion: Imaging pitfalls in and around the shoulder are not limited to normal anatomy and anatomic variants. Radiologists must be cognizant of the vast variability of structures in the shoulder and of the incidental and postsurgical findings and artifacts affecting them.

Pitfalls in shoulder MRI: part 1--normal anatomy and anatomic variants.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review frequently encountered pitfalls as they pertain to normal and variant anatomy of the shoulder, including the rotator cuff and rotator cable, blood vessels, glenoid labrum, and the glenohumeral ligaments.

Conclusion: MRI is the preferred method for evaluating internal derangement of the shoulder. Radiologists interpreting MR images should have a detailed understanding of pertinent anatomy and knowledge of common and uncommon pitfalls to avoid during image interpretation.