Antibody-mediated rejection in pediatric kidney transplant recipients: A report from the Pediatric Nephrology Research Consortium.

Background: Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is a major cause of kidney allograft loss. There is a paucity of large-scale pediatric-specific data regarding AMR treatment outcomes.

Methods: Data were obtained from 14 centers within the Pediatric Nephrology Research Consortium.

Exploring medical and veterinary student perceptions and communication preferences related to antimicrobial resistance in Ontario, Canada using qualitative methods.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens our ability to treat and prevent infectious diseases worldwide. A significant driver of AMR is antimicrobial use (AMU) in human and veterinary medicine. Therefore, education and awareness of AMR among antimicrobial prescribers is critical.

Integrated surveillance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and from humans and animal species raised for human consumption in Canada from 2012 to 2017.

Resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms is a global health concern. The objectives of this study were to (1) summarise the prevalence of potential ESBL-producing (ESBL-EC) and spp. (ESBL-SA) isolates from agrifood and human sources in Canada from 2012 to 2017, and (2) describe the distribution of ESBL genotypes among these isolates.

Antimicrobial use in lactating sows, piglets, nursery, and grower-finisher pigs on swine farms in Ontario, Canada during 2017 and 2018.

Background: Data on antimicrobial use (AMU) in pig production are needed for the development of good antimicrobial stewardship practices to reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria that can cause illness in animals and humans. In Canada, there is a lack of quantitative data on AMU in the farrowing and nursery stages of pig production. This study aimed to determine which antimicrobial active ingredients are currently used in farrowing, nursery, and grower-finisher herds in the province of Ontario, Canada, and to quantify AMU using various metrics.

Epidemiology of norovirus and viral gastroenteritis in Ontario, Canada, 2009-2014.

Background: Norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in Canada. The illness causes great morbidity and high societal costs. The objective of this article is to describe the epidemiology of norovirus in the province of Ontario, Canada from 2009 to 2014.

bloodstream infections in the western interior of British Columbia, Canada: a population-based cohort study.

Our population-based study objectives were to describe characteristics and outcomes of Escherichia coli bloodstream infections (BSIs), and to evaluate factors associated with outcomes. We included incident E. coli BSIs from western interior residents (British Columbia, Canada; 04/2010-03/2020).

Mortality in Escherichia coli bloodstream infections: a multinational population-based cohort study.

Background: Escherichia coli is the most common cause of bloodstream infections (BSIs) and mortality is an important aspect of burden of disease. Using a multinational population-based cohort of E. coli BSIs, our objectives were to evaluate 30-day case fatality risk and mortality rate, and determine factors associated with each.

Detection of spatial and spatio-temporal Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium human case clusters focused around licensed abattoirs in Ontario in 2015, and their potential relation to known outbreaks.

Salmonellosis is one of several zoonotic diseases for which individuals with occupational animal contact, including abattoir workers, are at an increased risk. If meat is contaminated during slaughter, this can increase the risk of enteric illness for consumers. In this study, we investigated whether reported cases of Salmonella Heidelberg and Typhimurium were clustered around abattoirs in Ontario in 2015 and whether there was any evidence (laboratory/exposure) to suggest an abattoir at the centre of a cluster might be the source of exposure.

Non-antibiotic Approaches for Disease Prevention and Control in Nursery Pigs: A Scoping Review.

Swine producers are encouraged to practice antibiotic stewardship by reducing their use of antibiotics belonging to classes of medical importance to humans. We conducted a scoping review of non-antibiotic approaches in the form of products or management practices that might prevent or control disease and thus reduce the need for antibiotics in nursery pigs. Our objectives were to systematically describe the research on this broad topic for the North American context, identify specific topics that could feasibly support systematic reviews, and identify knowledge gaps.

Choosing which metrics to use when reporting antimicrobial use information to veterinarians in the Canadian swine industry.

The objective of this study was to evaluate preferences for various metrics and denominators among Canadian swine veterinarians, in order to improve reporting of antimicrobial use (AMU) information to these stakeholders and to facilitate enhanced stewardship decisions. An online survey was made available to swine veterinarians across Canada; 12 responses (estimated response rate 17.6%) were submitted and analyzed.

"I Think There Should Be Photos": Female Indoor Tanners' Perceptions of Health Warning Labels for Tanning Beds.

This study explores female indoor tanners' perceptions of the current, text-only Canadian health warning label (HWL) for tanning equipment, as well as pictorial, evidence-based alternative HWLs. We created 10 test HWLs that depicted skin health effects, eye damage, premature aging, and death. Young women who had tanned indoors in the past year discussed these and the current federal HWL in focus groups.

Readability and content of online pet obesity information.

Objective: To assess the readability of pet obesity information, document the presence and absence of types of pet obesity information, and perform comparisons between dog and cat obesity information content on websites.

Sample: 68 websites containing pet obesity content.

Procedures: Websites were systematically retrieved with a search engine and predefined search terms and phrases.

Detection of spatial, temporal and space-time Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium clusters in Ontario in 2015, and comparisons to known outbreaks.

Purpose: Salmonellosis is one of several reportable diseases in Ontario (ON). Two or more cases of the same serotype that are linked to a common exposure or related to one another in time and/or space are considered a potential outbreak. While laboratory data can help to determine the molecular relatedness of cases, results may take up to several weeks.

A case-case study comparing the individual risk factors and symptomatology of Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium in Ontario in 2015, following implementation of the Ontario Investigation Tools.

Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium are among the most common serotypes responsible for human salmonellosis in Ontario. Introduction of the Ontario Investigation Tools (OIT) in 2014 allowed for standardized case investigation and reporting. This study compared the risk factors and symptomatology for sporadic S.

Non-antibiotic approaches for disease prevention and control in beef and veal production: a scoping review.

Livestock producers are encouraged to reduce the use of antibiotics belonging to classes of medical importance to humans. We conducted a scoping review on non-antibiotic interventions in the form of products or management practices that could potentially reduce the need for antibiotics in beef and veal animals living under intensive production conditions. Our objectives were to systematically describe the research on this broad topic, identify specific topics that could feasibly support systematic reviews, and identify knowledge gaps.

The Effect of Food Handler Certification on Food Premises in Ontario, Canada.

Although health units have implemented food handler certification to operators of food premises, evidence on its effectiveness to improve premise food safety remains inconclusive. Regression models were constructed using inspection data from a health unit in Ontario, Canada, to measure the effect of certification on premise inspection results. We found that premises without certified food handlers at the time of inspection were significantly more likely to fail inspections.

Antimicrobial Resistance of Human Species Infections in Saskatchewan, Canada (1999-2006): A Historical Provincial Collection of All Reported Cases.

To describe a historical baseline of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles for human clinical species isolates obtained by laboratory surveillance in the province of Saskatchewan from 1999 to 2006; to determine if there were differences in resistance between and ; and to determine if there were changes in the annual resistance levels in the two species. One thousand three hundred seventy-eight isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the E-test method. Annual resistance levels in and were compared using logistic regression models.

Resistance to antimicrobials used at hatchery level among clinical isolates from Ontario broilers.

Antimicrobials are used for prophylactic purposes in some flocks because chicks are susceptible to pathogenic bacterial infection at the hatchery stage. The objectives of this study were to assess temporal changes in resistance to ceftiofur, gentamicin, and spectinomycin in clinical isolates from Ontario broiler chickens between 2008 and 2015, to determine whether stage of production, year and season are predictors of resistance, and whether published data on antimicrobial use help to interpret the temporal patterns in resistance. Logistic regression revealed that stage of production, year, and season were significant predictors of resistance to all 3 antimicrobials.

Integrating Whole-Genome Sequencing Data Into Quantitative Risk Assessment of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review of Opportunities and Challenges.

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) will soon replace traditional phenotypic methods for routine testing of foodborne antimicrobial resistance (AMR). WGS is expected to improve AMR surveillance by providing a greater understanding of the transmission of resistant bacteria and AMR genes throughout the food chain, and therefore support risk assessment activities. At this stage, it is unclear how WGS data can be integrated into quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models and whether their integration will impact final risk estimates or the assessment of risk mitigation measures.

Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase and AmpC β-Lactamase-Producing Isolates from Chickens Raised in Small Flocks in Ontario, Canada.

Food-producing animals are recognized to play a role in the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in Canada. However, the presence of resistant organisms in particular groups of animals, such as chickens raised in small-holder flocks, has not been studied. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to identify and characterize possessing broad-spectrum β-lactamase genes among a collection of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant isolates recovered from 205 small flocks in southern Ontario.

One Health-Its Importance in Helping to Better Control Antimicrobial Resistance.

Approaching any issue from a One Health perspective necessitates looking at the interactions of people, domestic animals, wildlife, plants, and our environment. For antimicrobial resistance this includes antimicrobial use (and abuse) in the human, animal and environmental sectors. More importantly, the spread of resistant bacteria and resistance determinants within and between these sectors and globally must be addressed.