Metabolically favorable adiposity and bone mineral density: a Mendelian randomization analysis.

Objective: This analysis assessed the putative causal association between genetically predicted percent body fat and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and, more specifically, the association between genetically predicted metabolically "favorable adiposity" (MFA) and aBMD at clinically relevant bone sites.

Methods: Mendelian randomization was used to assess the relationship of MFA and percent body fat with whole-body, lumbar spine, femoral neck, and forearm aBMD. Sex-stratified and age-stratified exploratory analyses were conducted.

Visceral adipose tissue and cardiometabolic risk factors in young Hispanic and non-Hispanic girls.

Background: Risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases (e.g., type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease) can begin developing in childhood.

Parent Involvement in Diet or Physical Activity Interventions to Treat or Prevent Childhood Obesity: An Umbrella Review.

Parents substantially influence children's diet and physical activity behaviors, which consequently impact childhood obesity risk. Given this influence of parents, the objective of this umbrella review was to synthesize evidence on effects of parent involvement in diet and physical activity treatment and prevention interventions on obesity risk among children aged 3-12 years old. Ovid/MEDLINE, Elsevier/Embase, Wiley/Cochrane Library, Clarivate/Web of Science, EBSCO/CINAHL, EBSCO/PsycInfo, and Epistemonikos.

Metabolically Healthy/Unhealthy Overweight/Obesity Associations With Incident Heart Failure in Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative.

Background: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of heart failure (HF); however, how metabolic weight groups relate to HF risk, especially in postmenopausal women, has not been demonstrated.

Methods: We included 19 412 postmenopausal women ages 50 to 79 without cardiovascular disease from the Women's Health Initiative. Normal weight was defined as a body mass index ≥18.

Influence of Changes in Soft Tissue Composition on Changes in Bone Strength in Peripubertal Girls: The STAR Longitudinal Study.

Obesity and osteoporosis remain two major public health concerns. Soft tissue composition and bone are interrelated; however, it is still not well understood how changes in adiposity during adolescence affect bone development. The aim of this study was to assess how changes in DXA-derived total body lean mass (TBLM) and total body fat mass (TBFM) associate with 2-year changes in bone outcomes at the 20% femur, 66% tibia, 66% radius, and 4% tibia, as measured by pQCT, during the years surrounding the onset of menarche in a cohort of 9- to 12-year-old (baseline) adolescent girls (70% Hispanic).

Sociodemographic and metabolic risk characteristics associated with metabolic weight categories in the Women's Health Initiative.

Unlabelled: To identify sociodemographic and metabolic correlates of weight categories in postmenopausal women.

Methods: The Women's Health Initiative enrolled 161 808 postmenopausal women ages 50-79. We included those free of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and with CVD risk factors and biomarkers ( = 19 412).

Incidence of diabetes according to metabolically healthy or unhealthy normal weight or overweight/obesity in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative.

Objective: To determine the relationship of metabolic weight categories with incident diabetes mellitus (DM) in postmenopausal women.

Methods: The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) enrolled 161,808 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years. We included those with cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarkers and free of CVD and prevalent DM (n = 17,043) at baseline.

Feasibility of a family-focused YMCA-based diabetes prevention program in youth: The E.P.I.C. Kids (Encourage, Practice, and Inspire Change) Study.

Efficacious lifestyle modification programs for children at risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) have not been well established outside of clinical settings. In this study, the feasibility of a family-focused, YMCA-based prevention program for children at risk of T2D was evaluated between September 2015 and July 2016 in Tucson, Arizona. A 12-week YMCA-led lifestyle intervention was adapted for 9-12-year-old children and their families to encourage healthy eating, physical activity, and supportive home environments.

Relationship of cardiometabolic risk biomarkers with DXA and pQCT bone health outcomes in young girls.

Background: Excess weight exerts the positive effect of mechanical loading on bone during development whereas obesity-related metabolic dysfunction may have a detrimental impact. In adults, the presence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes has been associated with compromised bone density, quality, and strength, and an increased incidence of fractures. The few studies that have investigated the role of cardio-metabolic disease risk biomarkers (CMR) on bone strength in children have given conflicting results.

Interaction of body mass index or waist-to-hip ratio and sun exposure associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer: A prospective study from the Women's Health Initiative.

Background: The incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) exceeds the incidence of all other types of cancers combined. Cumulative sun exposure and intermittent sun exposure are known risk factors for the development of NMSC. Because obesity has been shown to decrease the risk of NMSC incidence, this study investigated whether the risk of NMSC with sun exposure was consistent across different levels of body size.

Association Between Sarcopenic Obesity and Falls in a Multiethnic Cohort of Postmenopausal Women.

Objectives: To investigate associations between sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity and incidence of falls in a racially and ethnically diverse cohort of healthy postmenopausal women.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Three Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical centers (Tucson-Phoenix, AZ; Pittsburgh, PA; Birmingham, AL).

Anthropometry Versus Imaging for Prediction of Inflammation Among Hispanic Girls.

Objective: This study aimed to compare total and regional estimates of body composition, by direct and indirect techniques, for the optimal prediction of C-reactive protein (CRP) among young (aged 9-12 years) Hispanic girls (N = 232).

Methods: Standard anthropometric techniques were used to measure height, weight, and waist circumference. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) assessed body composition.

Relationship between fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk in Hispanic girls.

Objective: In adults, certain body fat depots have greater impact on cardiometabolic risk than total adiposity. Whether similar relationships exist in children is uncertain. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures of body fat distribution and total body adiposity with cardiometabolic risk factors in Hispanic girls.

Body composition and physical function in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

Physical function is critical for mobility and quality of life. We hypothesized that higher total lean mass is associated with higher physical function, and body fat inversely associated, among postmenopausal women. Women's Health Initiative Observational Study participants at Pittsburgh, PA; Birmingham, AL; and Tucson-Phoenix, AZ (1993-1998) completed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans and the Rand SF-36 questionnaire at baseline and 3 y (N = 4526).

Physical activity and weight gain after smoking cessation in postmenopausal women.

Objective: Weight gain frequently occurs after smoking cessation. The objective of this study was to examine whether weight gain after smoking cessation was attenuated by physical activity (PA) in postmenopausal women.

Methods: A total of 4,717 baseline smokers from the Women's Health Initiative were followed for 3 years.

Genome-wide association study of habitual physical activity in over 377,000 UK Biobank participants identifies multiple variants including CADM2 and APOE.

Background/objectives: Physical activity (PA) protects against a wide range of diseases. Habitual PA appears to be heritable, motivating the search for specific genetic variants that may inform efforts to promote PA and target the best type of PA for each individual.

Subjects/methods: We used data from the UK Biobank to perform the largest genome-wide association study of PA to date, using three measures based on self-report (n = 377,234) and two measures based on wrist-worn accelerometry data (n = 91,084).

Stratified Probabilistic Bias Analysis for Body Mass Index-related Exposure Misclassification in Postmenopausal Women.

Background: There is widespread concern about the use of body mass index (BMI) to define obesity status in postmenopausal women because it may not accurately represent an individual's true obesity status. The objective of the present study is to examine and adjust for exposure misclassification bias from using an indirect measure of obesity (BMI) compared with a direct measure of obesity (percent body fat).

Methods: We used data from postmenopausal non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white women in the Women's Health Initiative (n=126,459).

Relative contributions of lean and fat mass to bone strength in young Hispanic and non-Hispanic girls.

Background: With the high prevalence of childhood obesity, especially among Hispanic children, understanding how body weight and its components of lean and fat mass affect bone development is important, given that the amount of bone mineral accrued during childhood can determine osteoporosis risk later in life. The aim of this study was to assess the independent contributions of lean and fat mass on volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), geometry, and strength in both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing bones of Hispanic and non-Hispanic girls.

Methods: Bone vBMD, geometry, and strength were assessed at the 20% distal femur, the 4% and 66% distal tibia, and the 66% distal radius of the non-dominant limb of 326, 9- to 12-year-old girls using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT).

Validation of Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography-Derived Thigh Adipose Tissue Subcompartments in Young Girls Using a 3 T MRI Scanner.

The ability to assess skeletal muscle adipose tissue is important given the negative clinical implications associated with greater fat infiltration of the muscle. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are highly accurate for measuring appendicular soft tissue and muscle composition, but have limitations. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) is an alternative that investigators find valuable because of its low radiation, fast scan time, and comparatively lower costs.

Behavioral Intervention in Adolescents Improves Bone Mass, Yet Lactose Maldigestion Is a Barrier.

Calcium intake during adolescence is important for attainment of peak bone mass. Lactose maldigestion is an autosomal recessive trait, leading to lower calcium intake. The Adequate Calcium Today study aimed to determine if a school-based targeted behavioral intervention over one year could improve calcium intake and bone mass in early adolescent girls.

Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women.

Obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) have both been linked to increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer; however, their relative contributions are poorly understood. We examined the association of metabolic phenotypes of obesity defined by presence of the MetS (yes and no) and body mass index (BMI; normal, overweight, obese) with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a prospective analysis of a cohort of postmenopausal women ( ∼ 21,000) with baseline measurements of blood glucose, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, waist circumference, and BMI. Women were classified into 6 metabolic obesity phenotypes according to their BMI (18.

Physical activity, bowel function, and quality of life among rectal cancer survivors.

Purpose: Physical activity (PA) is positively associated with numerous health benefits among cancer survivors. This study examined insufficiently investigated relationships among PA, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and bowel function (BF) in rectal cancer survivors.

Methods: RC survivors (n = 1063) ≥5 years from diagnosis in two Kaiser permanente regions were mailed a multidimensional survey to assess HRQOL and BF.

Associations Between Self-Reported Physical Activity and Physical Performance Measures Over Time in Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative.

Objectives: To examine prospective associations between changes in physical activity (PA) and changes in physical performance measures (PPMs) over 6 years in older women.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Forty clinical centers in the United States.