Training the public health emergency response workforce: a mixed-methods approach to evaluating the virtual reality modality.

Objectives: To produce and evaluate a novel virtual reality (VR) training for public health emergency responders.

Design: Following a VR training designed to test key public health emergency responder competencies, a prospective cohort of participants completed surveys rating self-assessed skill levels and perceptions of training methods.

Setting: The VR training sessions were administered in a quiet room at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia.

Quantitative measures for redox signaling.

Redox signaling is now recognized as an important regulatory mechanism for a number of cellular processes including the antioxidant response, phosphokinase signal transduction and redox metabolism. While there has been considerable progress in identifying the cellular machinery involved in redox signaling, quantitative measures of redox signals have been lacking, limiting efforts aimed at understanding and comparing redox signaling under normoxic and pathogenic conditions. Here we have outlined some of the accepted principles for redox signaling, including the description of hydrogen peroxide as a signaling molecule and the role of kinetics in conferring specificity to these signaling events.