The relevance of using the C3d/immunoglobulin G test in clinical intervention.

Context: A large subset of the population is afflicted with a wide range of food-related inflammatory conditions, with at least 100 million people affected worldwide. The C3d/immunoglobulin G (IgG) test measures both the innate and adaptive responses of the immune system.

Objective: The study intended to validate the C3d/IgG test for food sensitivity for its ability to manage the symptoms of patients with intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms.

Flow cytometry evaluation of red blood cells mimicking naturally occurring ABO subgroups after modification with variable amounts of function-spacer-lipid A and B constructs.

Background: Kodecytes bearing synthetic blood group A and B antigens are increasingly being used in transfusion laboratories as serologic mimics of red blood cell (RBC) A(weak) and B(weak) subtypes. The aim of this study was to compare the flow cytometry profile of kodecytes with native ABO subgroups.

Study Design And Methods: A series of A/B kodecytes, each with decreasing A or B antigen expression, were prepared from group O RBCs that were modified with dilutions of function-spacer-lipid KODE technology (FSL) constructs representing a wide serologic range.

Quantifying the effects of molecular orientation and length on two-dimensional receptor-ligand binding kinetics.

Surface presentation of adhesion receptors influences cell adhesion, although the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood. We used a micropipette adhesion frequency assay to quantify how the molecular orientation and length of adhesion receptors on the cell membrane affected two-dimensional kinetic rates of interactions with surface ligands. Interactions of P-selectin, E-selectin, and CD16A with their respective ligands or antibody were used to demonstrate such effects.

Measuring receptor/ligand interaction at the single-bond level: experimental and interpretative issues.

There is increased interest in measuring kinetic rates, lifetimes, and rupture forces of single receptor/ligand bonds. Valuable insights have been obtained from previous experiments attempting such measurements. However, it remains difficult to know with sufficient certainty that single bonds were indeed measured.