Tips and Tricks for Performing a Retrograde Pyelogram.

Objective: To demonstrate indications, review tools and techniques, as well as abnormal findings when performing a retrograde pyelogram.

Methods: Retrograde pyelogram is a procedure which consists of introducing water-soluble contrast in a retrograde fashion into the ureter and collecting system of the kidney under fluoroscopic guidance. Conditions in which a retrograde pyelogram are indicated include iatrogenic ureteral injuries, ureteral obstruction, identification of stones or tumors, assistance for stent placement or ureteroscopy, and trauma evaluation.

Treatment of Overactive Bladder in the Elderly Female: The Case for Trospium, Oxybutynin, Fesoterodine and Darifenacin.

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common constellation of lower urinary tract storage symptoms that causes a significant impact on a person's quality of life. The elderly may be disproportionally impacted by these symptoms due to concomitant poor mobility, comorbid conditions such as diabetes and heart failure, and polypharmacy. While behavioral modification and pelvic floor muscle training should be considered first-line treatment options, pharmacotherapy remains the backbone of the therapeutic regimen.