Visitor assessment of the mandatory alternative transportation system at Zion National Park.

Transportation infrastructure in national parks has historically been designed for the automobile. With more vehicles in the parks, visitors found themselves in circumstances more reminiscent of a city than a park. Traffic jams, overcrowding, illegal parking, horn honking, and idling vehicles became common, creating stress and contributing to air and noise pollution, the very things visitors were hoping to get away from.

Referent group proximity, social norms, and context: alcohol use in a low-use environment.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived normative use of alcohol and reported consumption in an environment where relatively little alcohol use occurs.

Participants: A total of 585 undergraduate students completed an online survey on alcohol use in March 2006.

Methods: Participants reported personal alcohol use and perceptions of use by "friends," "the average student," and "the average student who drinks.