Market survey of disposable e-cigarette nicotine content and e-liquid volume.

Inaccurate labels on some e-cigarette products have prompted calls for routine testing to monitor product label integrity. The objective of this study was to compare label statements of commercial disposable/non-chargeable e-cigarette products for nicotine concentration and e-liquid volume with analytically verified levels. Commercial e-cigarette samples were analyzed for nicotine concentration (N = 51), e-liquid volume and total nicotine content (N = 39).

Examining patient activation and other factors associated with changes in pain and function following best evidence osteoarthritis care.

Objectives: The primary objective was to examine baseline patient activation as a prognostic factor for changes in pain and function following participation in an osteoarthritis management program. The secondary objective was to examine other prognostic factors from existing literature (e.g.

Comparison of Generic Drug Reviews for Marketing Authorization between Japan and Canada.

Purpose: Generic drugs are assuming an increasingly important role in sustaining modern healthcare systems, as the cost of healthcare, including drug usage, is gradually expanding around the world. To date, published articles comparing generic drug reviews between different countries are scarce.

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine generic drug reviews in Japan and Canada.

Time trends in never smokers in the relative frequency of the different histological types of lung cancer, in particular adenocarcinoma.

The increasing proportion of lung cancers classified as adenocarcinoma has been a topic of interest and research. The main objective of the analyses reported here is to summarize how the proportion of adenocarcinoma varies in never smokers by time, sex and region based on published evidence on the distribution of lung cancer types available from epidemiological studies. Based on 219 sex- and period-specific blocks of data drawn from 157 publications, there appears to be a clear time-related increase in the proportion of lung cancers in never smokers that are adenocarcinoma, which is evident in both sexes, and not specific to any region.

Effect of cigarette design on biomarkers of exposure, puffing topography and respiratory parameters.

Despite the lack of evidence, many reports exist which have implied that smokers inhale low-yield cigarette smoke more deeply than that of high-yield cigarettes. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term switching between smoker's own brand and test cigarettes with different smoke yields on puffing topography, respiratory parameters and biomarkers of exposure. Participants were randomly assigned to smoke either a Test Cigarette-High Tar (TCH), for two days, and then switched to a Test Cigarette-Low Tar (TCL), for two days or the reverse order (n = 10 each sequence).

TSNA exposure from cigarette smoking: 18 years of urinary NNAL excretion data.

The objective of this work was to characterize trends over time in urinary excretion of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) among cigarette smokers in the US. We identified 35 studies presenting data that either reported, or could be converted to, common units of total urinary NNAL excretion as pmol/mg creatinine. The studies spanned 18years, reported urinary NNAL excretion estimates for 61 defined populations, and included a combined total of 3941 study participants.

TSNA levels in machine-generated mainstream cigarette smoke: 35 years of data.

This paper characterizes historical and current tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSNA) levels in mainstream (MS) cigarette smoke of US commercial cigarettes. To conduct this analysis, we gathered 35 years of published data of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) levels in MS cigarette smoke. We also assessed internal data of MS smoke NNK and NNN levels generated from various market monitoring initiatives and from control cigarettes used in a multi-year program for testing cigarette ingredients.

Frequency and outcomes of accidental ingestion of tobacco products in young children.

This review assesses published literature related to frequency and outcomes associated with accidental ingestion of tobacco and pharmaceutical nicotine products among young children. Twenty-seven years of annual reports by American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) were analyzed for occurrence and outcomes associated with accidental ingestion events involving tobacco and pharmaceutical nicotine products among young children. Over a 27-year period, and of >50 million contacts for all categories combined, 217,340 contacts involving ingestion of tobacco products were reported.

Does dual use jeopardize the potential role of smokeless tobacco in harm reduction?

Introduction: The use of smokeless tobacco as part of a strategy to reduce the harm from cigarette smoking is a topic of debate within the tobacco control and public health communities. One concern voiced regarding endorsement of such a tactic is the possibility of actually increasing harm should current smokers adopt dual cigarette/smokeless tobacco use (dual use), which could lead to unintended consequences by perpetuating cigarette smoking, diminishing tobacco cessation, or increasing tobacco-related harm.

Methods: Here, we review the available literature on health effects and trajectories of use among dual users from a variety of U.

The effect of menthol containing cigarettes on adult smokers' exposure to nicotine and carbon monoxide.

Unlabelled: There is limited information comparing biomarkers of exposure (BOE) to cigarette smoke in menthol (MS) and non-menthol cigarette smokers (NMS).

Objective: To compare BOE to nicotine and carbon monoxide in MS and NMS.

Methods: Cross-sectional, observational, ambulatory, multi-centre study in 3341 adult cigarette smokers.

Heme oxygenase-derived carbon monoxide promotes arteriolar endothelial dysfunction and contributes to salt-induced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.

Vascular tissues express heme oxygenase (HO), which metabolizes heme to form carbon monoxide (CO). Heme-derived CO inhibits nitric oxide synthase and promotes endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction. After 4 wk of high-salt diet, Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl-S) rats display hypertension, increased vascular HO-1 expression, and attenuated vasodilator responses to ACh that can be completely restored by acute treatment with an inhibitor of HO.

Heme oxygenase activity in placenta: direct dependence on oxygen availability.

Carbon monoxide (CO), which is formed endogenously from heme catalyzed by heme oxygenase (HO), is proposed to play a role in vascular control. The mRNA and protein expression of the inducible isoform of HO (HO-1) increases in response to hypoxia, and it has been assumed that HO activity also increases. This assumption requires evaluation because the catalytic activity of HO requires three molecules of O(2) for each molecule of CO formed from heme, and HO activity may be limited by O(2) availability.