Envenoming by a captive Inland Taipan, Oxyuranus microlepidotus (McCoy, 1879), Elapidae. A case report, observations on clinical efficacy of expired antivenom and review of O. microlepidotus envenoming.

The clinical evolution and management of a 22-yr-old male envenomed by a captive female inland taipan, Oxyuranus microlepidotus (McCoy, 1879), Elapidae, at a public educational reptile exhibit (Florida, USA) is reported. The patient was bitten (quick 'bite and release') in the right hand between digits #3 and 4 while performing captive maintenance. The victim did not attempt any first aid, but urgently presented to the local hospital within 25 mins post-bite.

Identifying the geographic distribution pattern of venomous snakes and regions of high snakebite risk in Iran.

We describe species richness patterns of venomous snakes in Iran in order to produce snakebite risk prediction maps and identify gaps in regional health care centers capable of managing snakebites. We digitized distribution maps from the literature, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), and the results of our own field studies of 24 terrestrial venomous snake species (including 4 endemic to Iran). Species richness patterns were associated with eight environmental factors.

Local envenoming by the coinsnake or Asian racer, Hemorrhois nummifer and mountain racer or leopard snake, Hemorrhois ravergieri (Serpentes: Colubridae, Colubrinae) in Iran: A reminder of the importance of species identification in the medical management of snakebites.

In Iran, there are approximately 4500-6500 snakebites per year, but fortunately only 3-9 of these are fatal. However, in some population centers such as Kashan city (Isfahan Province, central Iran), approximately 80% of snakebites are attributed to "non-venomous" snakes that are often comprised of several species of non-front-fanged snakes (NFFS). NFFS comprise a diverse group that constitute approximately 2900 species belonging to an estimated 15 families.

Characteristics and significance of "green snake" bites in Myanmar, especially by the pit vipers Trimeresurus albolabris and Trimeresurus erythrurus.

Snakebite is an important problem in Myanmar. Regionally, bites by Eastern Russell's vipers, Daboia siamensis (Viperidae, Viperinae), and monocled cobras, Naja kaouthia are considered medically important, but those categorised as "green snake" bites are not. However, these may include bites by green pit vipers, Trimeresurus spp.

Two case reports of local envenoming by the Spotted grass snake, Psammophylax rhombeatus (Linnæus, 1758) (Serpentes, Psammophiidae).

Two cases of bites by a South African psammophiid snake, Psammophylax rhombeatus, are described and analyzed. These are the first detailed reports of local envenoming by a Psammophylax spp. While handling a wild-collected 1 m P.

Local envenoming by the Schokari sand racer, Psammophis schokari Forskål, 1775 (Serpentes, Psammophiidae) and a brief review of reported bites by sand racers (Psammophis spp.).

A recent case of a bite by a psammophiid snake, Psammophis schokari, is described and analyzed. This is the first report of local envenoming by this species. The 1 m long P.

Local morbidity from red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus, Elapidae) envenoming: Two cases and a brief review of management.

The red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus, Elapidae) is one of several species of venomous snakes most commonly implicated in human and domestic animal envenoming in Australia. Human systemic envenoming can present with myotoxicity that may include myoglobinuria; hemoglobinuria and intravascular hemolysis; thrombocytopenia, anticoagulant coagulopathy, and, rarely, mild cranial nerve palsies. Pseudechis porphyriacus envenoming can also feature significant local morbidity such as ecchymoses, bleeding, pain and necrosis.

Neurotoxicity with persistent unilateral ophthalmoplegia from envenoming by a wild inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus, Elapidae) in remote outback South Australia.

Introduction: A case of life threatening envenoming by a wild specimen of the inland taipan, Oxyuranus microlepidotus, is described. There have been 11 previously well-documented envenomings by O. microlepidotus, but only 2 were inflicted by wild snakes.

Snake venoms: A brief treatise on etymology, origins of terminology, and definitions.

The ancient perceptions of "venomous" and "poisonous snakes", as well as the Indo-European (IE) etymological origins of the term "venom" specifically associated with snakes are considered. Although several ancient cultures perceived snakes as symbols of fecundity and renewal, concurrent beliefs also associated venomous snakes with undesirable human characteristics or as portending non-propitious events. The respective IE roots of the terms "venom" and "poison", "wen" and "poi" refer to desire or the act of ingesting liquids.