Optical flow sensor for continuous invasive measurement of blood flow velocity.

Continuous monitoring of intrapulse measurement of blood flow in humans is currently not achievable with clinically available instruments. In this paper, we demonstrate a method of measuring the instantaneous variations in flow during pulsatile blood flow with an optical flow sensor comprising a fiber Bragg grating sensor and illumination from a 565 nm Light-Emitting-Diode. The LED illumination heats the blood and fluctuations in temperature, due to variations in flow, are detected by the fiber sensor.

Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation of preterm infants and parent-reported symptoms of allergic disease at 7 years corrected age: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) supplementation in the prenatal period is associated with a reduction in the incidence of some symptoms of allergic disease. Infants born preterm are at increased risk of allergic disease, but it is unknown if DHA supplementation reduces the risk of childhood allergies.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine if supplementation of infants born at <33 wk gestation with high-DHA compared with standard-DHA enteral feeds decreases the incidence and severity of parent-reported allergic disease symptoms at a corrected age (CA) of 7 y.

Selection Bias and Outcomes for Preterm Neonates.

Background: Reported survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 23 weeks' gestation are based on the infants admitted to NICUs. In this study, we aim to describe the association between clinical characteristics and admission to NICU at 23, 24 and 25 weeks' gestation.

Methods: Cohort data from 2 national databases enabled comparison of the clinical characteristics all Australian births and all NICU admissions during 2010-2013 at 23, 24, and 25 weeks' gestation.

Dietary Protein Intake, Breast Feeding and Growth in Human Milk Fed Preterm Infants.

Protein intakes of preterm infants are frequently below recommendations, but few studies report accurate intakes due to the difficulty of analysing human milk clinically. This observational analysis from a randomised trial of infants born.

Heating of Newborn Infants due to Blue Light-Emitting Diode Fibreoptic Phototherapy Pads.

Background: Surface temperatures of fibreoptic phototherapy pads using a high intensity blue light-emitting diode (LED) light source have not been studied.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure the temperature of LED fibreoptic phototherapy pads during phototherapy in a bench-top study, and to determine temperature effects on babies during phototherapy.

Methods: A commercially available LED fibreoptic phototherapy system was tested.

Docosahexaenoic Acid and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants.

Background: Studies in animals and in humans have suggested that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, might reduce the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, but appropriately designed trials are lacking.

Methods: We randomly assigned 1273 infants born before 29 weeks of gestation (stratified according to sex, gestational age [<27 weeks or 27 to <29 weeks], and center) within 3 days after their first enteral feeding to receive either an enteral emulsion providing DHA at a dose of 60 mg per kilogram of body weight per day or a control (soy) emulsion without DHA until 36 weeks of postmenstrual age. The primary outcome was bronchopulmonary dysplasia, defined on a physiological basis (with the use of oxygen-saturation monitoring in selected infants), at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age or discharge home, whichever occurred first.

The Prowess of Photogenerated Amine Radical Cations in Cascade Reactions: From Carbocycles to Heterocycles.

Cascade reactions represent a class of ideal organic reactions because they empower efficiency, elegance, and novelty. However, development of cascade reactions remains a daunting task for synthetic chemists. Radicals are known to be well suited for cascade reactions.

Detection and Characterization of Package Defects and Integrity Failure using Dynamic Scanning Infrared Thermography (DSIRT).

A dynamic scanning infrared thermography (DSIRT) system developed at the Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) Packaging Lab relies on variation in transient thermal artifacts to indicate defects, and offers the possibility of characterization of many types of materials and structures. These include newer polymer and laminate-based structures for shelf-stable foods that lack a reliable, nondestructive method for inspection, which is a continuing safety issue.

Diastereoselective Oxidative C-N/C-O and C-N/C-N Bond Formation Tandems Initiated by Visible Light: Synthesis of Fused -Arylindolines.

The synthesis of fused -arylindolines using visible light photoredox catalysis has been developed. We previously described that photogenerated amine radical cations generate substituted indoles through an intermediate benzylic carbocation. Herein, we expand the application of this chemistry by trapping the benzylic carbocation with tethered heteronucleophiles.

Intermolecular [3+2] Annulation of Cyclopropylanilines with Alkynes, Enynes, and Diynes via Visible Light Photocatalysis.

One-step synthesis of carbocycles substituted with amines from simple starting materials remains rare. We recently developed intermolecular [3+2] annulation of cyclopropylanilines with alkenes and alkynes that enable this one-step synthesis. Herein, we report our findings for a fullscale study of the annulation.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 7 years' corrected age in preterm infants who were fed high-dose docosahexaenoic acid to term equivalent: a follow-up of a randomised controlled trial.

Objective: To determine if improvements in cognitive outcome detected at 18 months' corrected age (CA) in infants born <33 weeks' gestation receiving a high-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared with standard-DHA diet were sustained in early childhood.

Design: Follow-up of a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Randomisation was stratified for sex, birth weight (<1250 vs ≥1250 g) and hospital.

Apnoea after the 2-month immunisation in extremely preterm infants: what happens with the 4-month immunisation?

Aim: To describe the outcome of the 4-month immunisation in a cohort of extremely preterm babies who had clinically significant apnoea after their 2-month immunisation.

Method: A retrospective audit was conducted from January 2001 to January 2011 at Flinders Medical Centre (FMC). Suspected apnoeic reactions to the 2-month immunisation in preterm infants ≤28 weeks + 6 days gestation were identified from the Neonatal Unit database.

Experimental spatial sampling study of the real-time ultrasonic pulse-echo BAI-mode imaging technique.

The ultrasonic pulse-echo backscattered amplitude integral (BAI)-mode imaging technique has been developed to inspect the seal integrity of hermetically sealed, flexible food packages. With a focused 17.3-MHz transducer acquiring radio frequency (RF) echo data in a static rectilinear stop-and-go pattern, this technique was able to reliably detect channel defects as small as 38 microm in diameter and occasionally detect 6-microm-diameter channels.

Acoustic Imaging of Defects in Flexible Food Packages.

A study was conducted using a high-frequency acoustic imaging system: the scanning laser acoustic microscope (SLAM), operating at 100 MHz, to detect packaging defects to within the system's resolution limit of 20 μm. The purpose of the study was to assess the feasibility of high-frequency acoustic imaging to detect and classify channel defects that would have the potential for microbial contamination through visually undetected defects. The SLAM can characterize and image various materials and defects by exploiting the differences in acoustic (mechanical) transmission properties within different materials.