Evolutionary relationships in Panicoid grasses based on plastome phylogenomics (Panicoideae; Poaceae).

Background: Panicoideae are the second largest subfamily in Poaceae (grass family), with 212 genera and approximately 3316 species. Previous studies have begun to reveal relationships within the subfamily, but largely lack resolution and/or robust support for certain tribal and subtribal groups. This study aims to resolve these relationships, as well as characterize a putative mitochondrial insert in one linage.

Resolving deep relationships of PACMAD grasses: a phylogenomic approach.

Background: Plastome sequences for 18 species of the PACMAD grasses (subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Chloridoideae, Micrairoideae, Arundinoideae, Danthonioideae) were analyzed phylogenomically. Next generation sequencing methods were used to provide complete plastome sequences for 12 species. Sanger sequencing was performed to determine the plastome of one species, Hakonechloa macra, to provide a reference for annotation.

Plastid phylogenomics of the cool-season grass subfamily: clarification of relationships among early-diverging tribes.

Whole plastid genomes are being sequenced rapidly from across the green plant tree of life, and phylogenetic analyses of these are increasing resolution and support for relationships that have varied among or been unresolved in earlier single- and multi-gene studies. Pooideae, the cool-season grass lineage, is the largest of the 12 grass subfamilies and includes important temperate cereals, turf grasses and forage species. Although numerous studies of the phylogeny of the subfamily have been undertaken, relationships among some 'early-diverging' tribes conflict among studies, and some relationships among subtribes of Poeae have not yet been resolved.

Higher level phylogenetic relationships within the bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) based on five plastid markers.

Bamboos are large perennial grasses of temperate and tropical forests worldwide. Two general growth forms exist: the economically and ecologically important woody bamboos (tribes Arundinarieae and Bambuseae), and the understory herbaceous bamboos (tribe Olyreae). Evolutionary relationships among the 1400+described species have been difficult to resolve with confidence.

Inference of molecular homology and sequence alignment by direct optimization.

That homologies exist and can be recognized and discovered is of central importance to comparative and evolutionary biology. Traditionally, homology assessment for both molecular and morphological data has been treated as a two-step process involving the generation of a proposition of homology and then the evaluation of that hypothesis through the test of congruence in a phylogenetic analysis. An alternative phylogenetic method, direct optimization, combines these into a one-step process in which positional homology and cladograms are co-estimated simultaneously.

A broadscale phylogenetic analysis of group II intron RNAs and intron-encoded reverse transcriptases.

Group II introns are self-splicing RNAs that are frequently assumed to be the ancestors of spliceosomal introns. They are widely distributed in bacteria and are also found in organelles of plants, fungi, and protists. In this study, we present a broadscale phylogenetic analysis of group II introns using sequence data from both the conserved RNA structure and the intron-encoded reverse transcriptase (RT).

Conservation of selection on matK following an ancient loss of its flanking intron.

The chloroplast gene trnK and its associated group II intron appear to be absent in a large and ancient clade that includes nearly 90% of fern species. However, the maturase protein encoded within the intron (matK) is still present and located on the boundary of a large-scale inversion. We surveyed the chloroplast genome sequence of clade-member Adiantum capillus-veneris for evidence of a still present but fragmented trnK intron.

The D4 set: primers that target highly variable intron loops in plant chloroplast genomes.

Chloroplast group II introns offer high-quality, rapidly evolving single-copy loci for comparative sequence analysis. These introns feature diagnostic secondary structures with loops that are among the least evolutionarily constrained sequence in plastomes. We exploited these structures to develop universal primers that amplify and sequence the large Domain IV (D4) loop in several angiosperm introns.

Model use in phylogenetics: nine key questions.

Models of character evolution underpin all phylogeny estimations, thus model adequacy remains a crucial issue for phylogenetics and its many applications. Although progress has been made in selecting appropriate models for phylogeny estimation, there is still concern about their purpose and proper use. How do we interpret models in a phylogenetic context? What are their effects on phylogeny estimation? How can we improve confidence in the models that we choose? That the phylogenetics community is asking such questions denotes an important stage in the use of explicit models.

Group II introns as phylogenetic tools: structure, function, and evolutionary constraints.

Group II introns comprise the majority of noncoding DNA in many plant chloroplast genomes and include the commonly sequenced regions trnK/matK, the rps16 intron, and the rpl16 intron. As demand increases for nucleotide characters at lower taxonomic levels, chloroplast introns may come to provide the bulk of plastome sequence data for assessment of evolutionary relationships in infrageneric, intergeneric, and interfamilial studies. Group II introns have many attractive properties for the molecular systematist: they are confined to organellar genomes in eukaryotes and the majority are single-copy; they share a well-defined and empirically tested secondary and tertiary structure; and many are easily amplified due to highly conserved sequence in flanking exons.