FDA reviewed artificial intelligence-enabled products applicable to emergency medicine.

Objective: To identify and assess artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled products reviewed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that are potentially applicable to emergency medicine (EM).

Increasing Adherence to Societal Recommendations in Radiology Reporting: A Feasibility Study Using Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Guidelines for Incidentally Detected Gallbladder Polyps.

Incidental findings in diagnostic imaging are common, but follow-up recommendations often lack consistency. The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound (SRU) issued guidelines in 2021 for managing incidentally detected gallbladder polyps, aiming to balance follow-up with avoiding overtreatment. There is variable adherence to these guidelines in radiology reports, however, which makes it difficult for the clinician to pursue appropriate follow-up for the patient.

A Prediction Model for Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Using Artificial Intelligence.

Background: Supervised machine learning models in artificial intelligence (AI) have been increasingly used to predict different types of events. However, their use in orthopaedic surgery has been limited.

Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that supervised learning techniques could be used to build a mathematical model to predict primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries using a set of morphological features of the knee.

Physician and Pharmacist Liability: Medicolegal Cases That are Tough Pills to Swallow.

We present four medicolegal cases involving medication errors, which led to patient harm and subsequent settlements or jury awards to patients. These cases each involved scenarios in which a medication was inappropriately prescribed and/or inappropriately dispensed. In such cases, it is often not obvious whether the physician or pharmacist is at fault.

A Quantifiable Risk Factor for ACL Injury: Applied Mathematics to Model the Posterolateral Tibial Plateau Surface Geometry.

Background: The mechanism for traumatic ruptures of the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is frequently a noncontact injury involving a valgus moment with internal rotation of the tibia. The abnormal rotation and translation of the lateral femoral condyle posteroinferiorly relative to the lateral tibial plateau is thought to be related to the geometry of the tibial plateau.

Purpose/hypothesis: The purpose of the study was to mathematically model the posterior tibial plateau geometry in patients with ACL injuries and compare it with that of matched controls.

Lateral Meniscus Height and ACL Reconstruction Failure: A Nested Case-Control Study.

Previous work has shown that the morphology of the knee joint is associated with the risk of primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of the meniscal height, anteroposterior distance of the lateral tibial plateau, and other morphological features of the knee joint on risk of ACL reconstruction failure. A nested case-control study was conducted on patients who underwent an ACL reconstruction surgery during the period between 2008 and 2015.

Can Surgeons Identify ACL Femoral Ridges Landmark and Optimal Tunnel Position? A 3D Model Study.

Purpose: To examine the ability of surgeons to identify the osseous landmarks associated with the femoral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) footprint and locate optimal tunnel placement on 3-dimensional (3D) printed models compared with intraoperative placement.

Methods: Twelve sports fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons were asked to identify a femoral landmark and an ACL footprint on 10 different 3D printed knees. The 3D models were made based on 20 real patients with different anatomical morphology who later received ACL reconstructive surgery using independent drilling.

Effect of Teaching Session on Resident Ability to Identify Anatomic Landmarks and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Footprint: A Study Using 3-Dimensional Modeling.

Background: Femoral tunnel positioning in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is an intricate procedure that requires highly specific surgical skills.

Purpose: To report the ability of residents to identify femoral landmarks and the native ACL footprint before and after a structured formal teaching session as a reflection of overall surgical skill training for orthopaedic surgery residents in Canada.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Augmented reality in orthopaedics: a systematic review and a window on future possibilities.

Aims: Computer-based applications are increasingly being used by orthopaedic surgeons in their clinical practice. With the integration of technology in surgery, augmented reality (AR) may become an important tool for surgeons in the future. By superimposing a digital image on a user's view of the physical world, this technology shows great promise in orthopaedics.

Case Management may Reduce Emergency Department Frequent use in a Universal Health Coverage System: a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Frequent emergency department (ED) users account for a disproportionately high number of ED visits. Studies on case management (CM) interventions to reduce frequent ED use have shown mixed results, and few studies have been conducted within a universal health coverage system.

Objective: To determine whether a CM intervention-compared to standard emergency care-reduces ED attendance.

Importance of an Early HIV Antibody Differentiation Immunoassay for Detection of Dual Infection with HIV-1 and HIV-2.

Background: HIV-2 is primarily endemic in West Africa and India, however, in time of global migration, a possible HIV-2 infection or co-infection with HIV-1 should be recognized right at the time of HIV diagnosis, in order to enable optimized antiretroviral treatment. Laboratory HIV testing consists of a combined HIV1/2/O antibody + antigen screening test and subsequent confirmation and type differentiation by a serological test formatted as a multi-line or multi-spot assay. CDC has proposed a revised alternative HIV diagnostic strategy which, in case of a reactive result in a combined HIV1/2/O antibody + antigen screening test, comprises an HIV-1 nucleic acid test (NAT) for HIV confirmation instead of an antibody differentiation immunoassay (ADI).

Genotypic Resistance Tests Sequences Reveal the Role of Marginalized Populations in HIV-1 Transmission in Switzerland.

Targeting hard-to-reach/marginalized populations is essential for preventing HIV-transmission. A unique opportunity to identify such populations in Switzerland is provided by a database of all genotypic-resistance-tests from Switzerland, including both sequences from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) and non-cohort sequences. A phylogenetic tree was built using 11,127 SHCS and 2,875 Swiss non-SHCS sequences.

Resolution of plasma sample mix-ups through comparison of patient antibody patterns to E. coli.

Background: Accidental sample mix-ups and the need for their swift resolution is a challenge faced by every analytical laboratory. To this end, we developed a simple immunoblot-based method, making use of a patient's characteristic plasma antibody profile to Escherichia coli (E. coli) proteins.

Impact of naturally occurring amino acid variations on the detection of HIV-1 p24 in diagnostic antigen tests.

Background: The detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen in diagnostic tests relies on antibodies binding to conserved areas of the protein to cover the full range of HIV-1 subtypes. Using a panel of 43 different virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing Gag from clinical HIV-1 isolates, we previously found that some highly sensitive tests completely failed to detect p24 of certain VLPs, seemingly unrelated to their subtype. Here we aimed to investigate the reason for this failure, hypothesising that it might be due to single amino acid variations in conserved epitopes.

HIV-1 Transmission During Recent Infection and During Treatment Interruptions as Major Drivers of New Infections in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.

Background: Reducing the fraction of transmissions during recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is essential for the population-level success of "treatment as prevention".

Methods: A phylogenetic tree was constructed with 19 604 Swiss sequences and 90 994 non-Swiss background sequences. Swiss transmission pairs were identified using 104 combinations of genetic distance (1%-2.

Strong Impact of Smoking on Multimorbidity and Cardiovascular Risk Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals in Comparison With the General Population.

Background.  Although acquired immune deficiency syndrome-associated morbidity has diminished due to excellent viral control, multimorbidity may be increasing among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons compared with the general population. Methods.

Decreasing Proportion of Recent Infections among Newly Diagnosed HIV-1 Cases in Switzerland, 2008 to 2013 Based on Line-Immunoassay-Based Algorithms.

Background: HIV surveillance requires monitoring of new HIV diagnoses and differentiation of incident and older infections. In 2008, Switzerland implemented a system for monitoring incident HIV infections based on the results of a line immunoassay (Inno-Lia) mandatorily conducted for HIV confirmation and type differentiation (HIV-1, HIV-2) of all newly diagnosed patients. Based on this system, we assessed the proportion of incident HIV infection among newly diagnosed cases in Switzerland during 2008-2013.

Increases in Condomless Sex in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.

Condomless sex is a key driver of sexually transmitted diseases. In this study, we assess the long-term changes (2000-2013) of the occurrence of condomless sex among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals enrolled in the Swiss HIV Cohort study. The frequencies with which HIV-infected individuals reported condomless sex were either stable or only weakly increasing for 2000-2008.

The role of explanatory considerations in updating.

There is an ongoing controversy in philosophy about the connection between explanation and inference. According to Bayesians, explanatory considerations should be given weight in determining which inferences to make, if at all, only insofar as doing so is compatible with Strict Conditionalization. Explanationists, on the other hand, hold that explanatory considerations can be relevant to the question of how much confidence to invest in our hypotheses in ways which violate Strict Conditionalization.

Incident Hepatitis C Virus Infections in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: Changes in Treatment Uptake and Outcomes Between 1991 and 2013.

Background.  The hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic is evolving rapidly in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We aimed to describe changes in treatment uptake and outcomes of incident HCV infections before and after 2006, the time-point at which major changes in HCV epidemic became apparent.

Probabilistic alternatives to Bayesianism: the case of explanationism.

There has been a probabilistic turn in contemporary cognitive science. Far and away, most of the work in this vein is Bayesian, at least in name. Coinciding with this development, philosophers have increasingly promoted Bayesianism as the best normative account of how humans ought to reason.

Modified aesthetic abdominoplasty approach in perforator free-flap breast reconstruction: Impact of drain free donor site on patient outcomes.

Background: The use of progressive tension sutures alone has been shown to be comparable to using abdominal drains in aesthetic abdominoplasty. This study reviews outcomes with the use of barbed progressive tension suture technique without drains in DIEP donor site closure compared to standard closure with drains.

Methods: A two year retrospective review was conducted of DIEP flap reconstructions in the enhanced recovery program at Mayo Clinic, Rochester (USA).

Obesity Trends and Body Mass Index Changes After Starting Antiretroviral Treatment: The Swiss HIV Cohort Study.

Background: The factors that contribute to increasing obesity rates in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive persons and to body mass index (BMI) increase that typically occurs after starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) are incompletely characterized.

Methods: We describe BMI trends in the entire Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) population and investigate the effects of demographics, HIV-related factors, and ART on BMI change in participants with data available before and 4 years after first starting ART.

Results: In the SHCS, overweight/obesity prevalence increased from 13% in 1990 (n = 1641) to 38% in 2012 (n = 8150).

Low-cost alternative external rotation shoulder brace and review of treatment in acute shoulder dislocations.

Traumatic dislocations of the shoulder commonly present to emergency departments (EDs). Immediate closed reduction of both anterior and posterior glenohumeral dislocations is recommended and is frequently performed in the ED. Recurrence of dislocation is common, as anteroinferior labral tears (Bankart lesions) are present in many anterior shoulder dislocations.