Stream Hydrology Controls the Longitudinal Bioreactive Footprint of Urban-Sourced Fine Particles.

The relevance of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents in fluvial networks is increasing as urbanization grows in catchments. Urban-sourced fine particles from WWTP effluents deposit and accumulate in the streambed sediment of receiving streams over time and can fuel respiration rates, which can thus potentially increase rates of biogeochemical reactions and CO emissions to the atmosphere. We aimed to provide a quantitative assessment of the influence of WWTP-sourced fine particles deposited in the streambed sediment on stream metabolic activity for 1 year in an intermittent Mediterranean stream.

The Effect of Progressive Lateral Column Lengthening in a Novel Stage II-B Flatfoot Cadaveric Model Evaluated Using Software-Guided Radiographic Measurements of Foot Alignment.

Background: This work used software-guided radiographic measurement to assess the effects of progressive lateral column lengthening (LCL) on restoring alignment in a novel cadaveric model of stage II-B flatfoot deformity.

Methods: A stage II-B flatfoot was created in 8 cadaveric specimens by transecting the spring ligament complex, anterior deltoid, and interosseous talocalcaneal and cervical ligaments. Weightbearing computed tomographic (WBCT) scans were performed with specimens under 450 N of compressive load in the intact, flat, and 6-, 8-, and 10-mm lateral column-lengthening conditions.

Erratum: Rate equations, spatial moments, and concentration profiles for mobile-immobile models with power-law and mixed waiting time distributions [Phys. Rev. E 105, 014105 (2022)].

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.105.

Rate equations, spatial moments, and concentration profiles for mobile-immobile models with power-law and mixed waiting time distributions.

We present a framework for systems in which diffusion-advection transport of a tracer substance in a mobile zone is interrupted by trapping in an immobile zone. Our model unifies different model approaches based on distributed-order diffusion equations, exciton diffusion rate models, and random-walk models for multirate mobile-immobile mass transport. We study various forms for the trapping time dynamics and their effects on the tracer mass in the mobile zone.

Bedform segregation and locking increase storage of natural and synthetic particles in rivers.

While the ecological significance of hyporheic exchange and fine particle transport in rivers is well established, these processes are generally considered irrelevant to riverbed morphodynamics. We show that coupling between hyporheic exchange, suspended sediment deposition, and sand bedform motion strongly modulates morphodynamics and sorts bed sediments. Hyporheic exchange focuses fine-particle deposition within and below mobile bedforms, which suppresses bed mobility.

Stochastic resetting by a random amplitude.

Stochastic resetting, a diffusive process whose amplitude is reset to the origin at random times, is a vividly studied strategy to optimize encounter dynamics, e.g., in chemical reactions.

Preliminary Experience with Conservative Sharp Wound Debridement by Nurses in the Outpatient Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Safety, Efficacy, and Economic Analysis.

Background: Treatment of diabetes costs the United States an estimated $245 billion annually; one-third of which is related to the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). We present a safe, efficacious, and economically prudent model for the outpatient treatment of uncomplicated DFUs.

Methods: 77 patients (mean age = 54 years, range 31 to 83) with uncomplicated DFUs prospectively enrolled from September 2008 through February 2012.

Acute Exertional Compartment Syndrome with Rhabdomyolysis: Case Report and Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND Acute exertional compartment syndrome (AECS) is a rare cause of leg pain often associated with a delay in diagnosis and potentially leading to irreversible muscle and nerve damage. CASE REPORT We present the case of a previously healthy, high-level athlete who presented with the acute onset of unilateral anterior leg pain and foot drop the day after a strenuous workout. He was diagnosed with compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis.

Incorporating Super-Diffusion due to Sub-Grid Heterogeneity to Capture Non-Fickian Transport.

Numerical transport models based on the advection-dispersion equation (ADE) are built on the assumption that sub-grid cell transport is Fickian such that dispersive spreading around the average velocity is symmetric and without significant tailing on the front edge of a solute plume. However, anomalous diffusion in the form of super-diffusion due to preferential pathways in an aquifer has been observed in field data, challenging the assumption of Fickian dispersion at the local scale. This study develops a fully Lagrangian method to simulate sub-grid super-diffusion in a multidimensional regional-scale transport model by using a recent mathematical model allowing super-diffusion along the flow direction given by the regional model.

A signature of transience in bedrock river incision rates over timescales of 10(4)-10(7) years.

Measured rates of river incision into bedrock are commonly interpreted as proxies for rates of rock uplift (see refs 1 and 2, for example) and indices of the strength of climatic forcing of erosion over time (see refs 3 and 4, for example). This approach implicitly assumes that river incision rates are in equilibrium with external forcings over a wide range of timescales. Here we directly test this assumption by examining the temporal scaling of bedrock river incision from 155 independent measurements of river incision compiled from 14 sites.

Biomechanical comparison of a proximal humeral locking plate using two methods of head fixation.

Hypothesis: Locking plates have emerged as the implant of choice for stabilization of proximal humeral fractures. The biomechanical properties of a locked plating system using smooth pegs vs threaded screws for fixation of the humeral head were compared to test the hypothesis that there would be no biomechanical difference between pegs and threaded screws.

Materials And Methods: Sixteen pairs of fresh frozen cadaveric humeri were randomized to have a surgical neck gap osteotomy stabilized with a locked plate using threaded screws (n=8) or smooth pegs (n=8).

Predicting transfusion in shoulder arthroplasty.

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of transfusion in shoulder arthroplasty, determine clinical factors associated with increased risk for transfusion, and develop an algorithm to assist the surgeon in preoperative planning with regards to blood management.

Material And Methods: The study had 2 phases: (1) development of a clinical prediction rule for transfusion using 280 procedures and (2) a validation study of the algorithm applied to 109 new patients. Phase 1 consisted of a retrospective record review of 280 consecutive shoulder arthroplasties to determine risk factors for transfusion.

Putative side effects of prostaglandin analogs.

Anecdotal case reports describe the occurrence of cystoid macular edema, iritis, herpes simplex keratitis, periocular skin darkening, and headaches in patients treated with prostaglandin analogs for glaucoma. The purpose of this article is to critically analyze these anecdotal case reports in light of a few well-controlled, randomized clinical studies to determine whether conclusions can be made about a causal relationship between the use of prostaglandin analogs and the occurrence of these side effects. None of these putative side effects has been proven to be causally related to latanoprost therapy using valid scientific methodology.

Visual response properties of neurons in the LGN of normally reared and visually deprived macaque monkeys.

It is now well appreciated that parallel retino-geniculo-cortical pathways exist in the monkey as in the cat, the species in which parallel visual pathways were first and most thoroughly documented. What remains unclear is precisely how many separate pathways pass through the parvo- and magnocellular divisions of the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), what relationships-homologous or otherwise-these pathways have to the cat's X, Y, and W pathways, and whether these are affected by visual deprivation. To address these issues of classification and trans-species comparison, we used achromatic stimuli to obtain an extensive set of quantitative measurements of receptive field properties in the parvo- and magnocellular laminae of the LGN of nine macaque monkeys: four normally reared and five monocularly deprived of vision by lid suture near the time of birth.

Eulerian derivation of the fractional advection-dispersion equation.

A fractional advection-dispersion equation (ADE) is a generalization of the classical ADE in which the second-order derivative is replaced with a fractional-order derivative. In contrast to the classical ADE, the fractional ADE has solutions that resemble the highly skewed and heavy-tailed breakthrough curves observed in field and laboratory studies. These solutions, known as alpha-stable distributions, are the result of a generalized central limit theorem which describes the behavior of sums of finite or infinite-variance random variables.

Latanoprost and cystoid macular edema: is there a causal relation?

Published reports of the occurrence of cystoid macular edema (CME) in eyes being treated with latanoprost have led to concern regarding a possible causal relation between the two. Review of all published cases (28 eyes in 25 patients), plus another case reported here for the first time, indicates that all eyes had independent risk for development of CME, so that definitive conclusions about a causal relation cannot be established. In addition, controlled clinical trials and experimental studies with latanoprost have given no indication that latanoprost causes clinical CME.

Latanoprost treatment for glaucoma: effects of treating for 1 year and of switching from timolol. United States Latanoprost Study Group.

Purpose: To determine the efficacy and safety of latanoprost treatment for 1 year in glaucoma patients, and to evaluate the effects of switching from timolol to latanoprost therapy.

Methods: Latanoprost 0.005% was topically applied once daily without masking for 6 months in 223 patients with elevated intraocular pressure after previous treatment with latanoprost once daily or 0.

A comparison of argon laser and diode laser photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork to produce the glaucoma monkey model.

Purpose: To create an experimental glaucoma monkey model using high-power diode laser photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork, and to compare this with the experimental glaucoma monkey model induced by argon laser photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork.

Methods: One eye each of eight adult cynomolgus monkeys underwent repeated application of diode laser photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork until sustained intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was achieved. 50 to 120 spots were applied to midtrabecular meshwork for 360 degrees; spot size, 75 microns; power, 1.

Magnocellular and parvocellular visual pathways are both affected in a macaque monkey model of glaucoma.

Purpose: Neurochemical changes in nerve cells were investigated in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and primary visual cortex of macaque monkeys with experimentally induced glaucoma.

Methods: Glaucomatous damage was induced in one eye of experimental animals by elevation of intraocular pressure following laser burns to the trabecular meshwork. Staining for the metabolic marker cytochrome oxidase, as well as immunolabelling for the neuronal markers synaptophysin and neurofilament proteins, was conducted on sections of the LGN and primary visual cortex.

Elevated glutamate levels in the vitreous body of humans and monkeys with glaucoma.

Objective: To explore the possibility that the excitatory amino acid glutamate might be associated with the disease process of glaucoma, which is characterized by the death of retinal ganglion cell neurons and subsequent visual dysfunction.

Methods: Amino acid analyses were performed on vitreous specimens that were obtained from patients who were undergoing cataract extraction. Samples were collected prospectively from those patients who sustained inadvertent rupture of the posterior capsule between 1988 and 1993.

A scleral tunnel incision for trabeculectomy.

Purpose: We used a modified technique to construct the trabeculectomy flap.

Methods: The technique involved the creation of a scleral tunnel as is used in phacoemulsification surgery for cataract.

Results: We have used this technique in our most recent 90 cases.

Differential vulnerability of neurochemically identified subpopulations of retinal neurons in a monkey model of glaucoma.

The vulnerability of subpopulations of retinal neurons delineated by their content of cytoskeletal or calcium-binding proteins was evaluated in the retinas of cynomolgus monkeys in which glaucoma was produced with an argon laser. We quantitatively compared the number of neurons containing either neurofilament (NF) protein, parvalbumin, calbindin or calretinin immunoreactivity in central and peripheral portions of the nasal and temporal quadrants of the retina from glaucomatous and fellow non-glaucomatous eyes. There was no significant difference between the proportion of amacrine, horizontal and bipolar cells labeled with antibodies to the calcium-binding proteins comparing the two eyes.

Microbial contamination of medications used to treat glaucoma.

Aims: A study was conducted to estimate the frequency of contamination of topical antiglaucoma medications used by asymptomatic patients.

Methods: The drops and the bottle tips of 194 in use topical medications and the conjunctiva from 109 treated glaucoma patients were cultured.

Results: Bacteria were recovered from 55 (28%) medications.

Studies of the ocular pulse in primates.

Ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured in groups of human subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), ocular hypertension (OHT), low-tension glaucoma (LTG), retinal degenerations (RD), in OHT volunteers treated with single doses of 2% epinephrine, 4% pilocarpine, 0.5% timolol or 1% p-amino-clonidine, and in normal subjects before and after exercise. Compared to normal controls, OHT subjects showed significantly higher IOP and OPA, while OPA was significantly lower in ocular normotensive LTG and RD subjects groups.

The nerve of glaucoma!

Contemporary concepts of open angle glaucoma suggest that the current emphasis on reduction of elevated intraocular pressure could be augmented by other therapeutic approaches. In this article, we describe significant recent developments in the molecular and cellular biology and neuropharmacology of nerve damage that are likely, in coming years, to suggest new therapeutic approaches to the management of glaucoma. These developments may lead to the achievement of pharmacologic protection of the optic nerve from damage or possibly promotion of reversal of damage.