Krüppel-like factor 2: a central regulator of B cell differentiation and plasma cell homing.

The development of B cells, their activation and terminal differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells are characterized by alternating phases of proliferation and quiescence that are controlled by complex transcriptional networks. The spatial and anatomical organization of B cells and plasma cells inside lymphoid organs as well as their migration within lymphoid structures and between organs are prerequisites for the generation and the maintenance of humoral immune responses. Transcription factors of the Krüppel-like family are critical regulators of immune cell differentiation, activation, and migration.

The intestine: A highly dynamic microenvironment for IgA plasma cells.

To achieve longevity, IgA plasma cells require a sophisticated anatomical microenvironment that provides cytokines, cell-cell contacts, and nutrients as well as metabolites. The intestinal epithelium harbors cells with distinct functions and represents an important defense line. Anti-microbial peptide-producing paneth cells, mucus-secreting goblet cells and antigen-transporting microfold (M) cells cooperate to build a protective barrier against pathogens.

Age-related Differences in Immune Reactions to SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid Antigens.

Background/aim: The manifestation and severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections show a clear correlation to the age of a patient. The younger a person, the less likely the infection results in significant illness. To explore the immunological characteristics behind this phenomenon, we studied the course of SARS-CoV-2 infections in 11 households, including 8 children and 6 infants/neonates of women who got infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy.

The microRNA processing subunit DGCR8 is required for a T cell-dependent germinal center response.

We have previously shown that the microRNA (miRNA) processor complex consisting of the RNAse Drosha and the DiGeorge Critical Region (DGCR) 8 protein is essential for B cell maturation. To determine whether miRNA processing is required to initiate T cell-mediated antibody responses, we deleted DGCR8 in maturing B2 cells by crossing a mouse with loxP-flanked DGCR8 alleles with a CD23-Cre mouse. As expected, non-immunized mice showed reduced numbers of mature B2 cells and IgG-secreting cells and diminished serum IgG titers.

Mitochondrial respiration in B lymphocytes is essential for humoral immunity by controlling the flux of the TCA cycle.

To elucidate the function of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) during B cell differentiation, we employ CD23Cre-driven expression of the dominant-negative K320E mutant of the mitochondrial helicase Twinkle (DNT). DNT-expression depletes mitochondrial DNA during B cell maturation, reduces the abundance of respiratory chain protein subunits encoded by mitochondrial DNA, and, consequently, respiratory chain super-complexes in activated B cells. Whereas B cell development in DNT mice is normal, B cell proliferation, germinal centers, class switch to IgG, plasma cell maturation, and T cell-dependent as well as T cell-independent humoral immunity are diminished.

Krüppel-like factor 2 controls IgA plasma cell compartmentalization and IgA responses.

Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a potent regulator of lymphocyte differentiation, activation and migration. However, its functional role in adaptive and humoral immunity remains elusive. Therefore, by using mice with a B cell-specific deletion of KLF2, we investigated plasma cell differentiation and antibody responses.

Augmented neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant by boost vaccination and monoclonal antibodies.

Effective vaccines and monoclonal antibodies have been developed against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the appearance of virus variants with higher transmissibility and pathogenicity is a major concern because of their potential to escape vaccines and clinically approved SARS-CoV-2- antibodies. Here, we use flow cytometry-based binding and pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays to determine the efficacy of boost immunization and therapeutic antibodies to neutralize the dominant Omicron variant.

Krüppel-like Factor 2 (KLF2) in Immune Cell Migration.

Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a transcription factor of the krüppel-like family, is a key regulator of activation, differentiation, and migration processes in various cell types. In this review, we focus on the functional relevance of KLF2 in immune cell migration and homing. We summarize the key functions of KLF2 in the regulation of chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules and discuss the relevance of the KLF2-mediated control of immune cell migration in the context of immune responses, infections, and diseases.

Single-cell resolution of plasma cell fate programming in health and disease.

Long considered a homogeneous population dedicated to antibody secretion, plasma cell phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is increasingly recognized. Plasma cells were first segregated based on their maturation level, but the complexity of this subset might well be underestimated by this simple dichotomy. Indeed, in the last decade new functions have been attributed to plasma cells including but not limited to cytokine secretion.

A surrogate cell-based SARS-CoV-2 spike blocking assay.

To monitor infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and successful vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the kinetics of neutralizing or blocking anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers need to be assessed. Here, we report the development of a quick and inexpensive surrogate SARS-CoV-2 blocking assay (SUBA) using immobilized recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and human cells expressing the native form of surface SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Spike protein-expressing cells bound to hACE2 in the absence or presence of blocking antibodies were quantified by measuring the optical density of cell-associated crystal violet in a spectrophotometer.

Increased risk of chronic fatigue and hair loss following COVID-19 in individuals with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

Background: Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a group of genodermatoses in which deficient ectodysplasin A signalling leads to maldevelopment of skin appendages, various eccrine glands, and teeth. Individuals with HED often have disrupted epithelial barriers and, therefore, were suspected to be more susceptible to coronavirus infection.

Methods: 56 households with at least one member who had coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) were enrolled in a longitudinal study to compare the course of illness, immune responses, and long-term consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in HED patients (n = 15, age 9-52 years) and control subjects of the same age group (n = 149).

A pair of noncompeting neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies protecting from disease in a SARS-CoV-2 infection model.

TRIANNI mice carry an entire set of human immunoglobulin V region gene segments and are a powerful tool to rapidly isolate human monoclonal antibodies. After immunizing these mice with DNA encoding the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and boosting with spike protein, we identified 29 hybridoma antibodies that reacted with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nine antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection at IC50 values in the subnanomolar range.

College student preferences of telepsychiatry.

Objective: To identify differences in preferences related to telepsychiatry among college students who have and have not been diagnosed with a mental health condition in the last year.

Participants: Students ( = 537) at a medium-sized Midwestern university ( = 21 years; 71% female).

Methods: A quantitative, causal-comparative design using an adapted version of the National College Health Assessment (NCHA).

Electronic health record usability and workload changes over time for provider and nursing staff following transition to new EHR.

The ubiquity of EHRs in healthcare means that small EHR inefficiencies can have a major impact on clinician workload. We conducted a sequential explanatory mixed methods study to: 1) identify EHR-associated workload and usability effects for clinicians following an EHR change over time, 2) determine workload and usability differences for providers (MD and Advance Practice Nurses) versus nurses (RNs and MAs), 3) determine if usability predicts workload, 4) identify potential sources of EHR design flaws. Workload (NASA-Task Load Index) and usability (System Usability Scale) measures were administered pre, 6-8 month and 30-32 months post-implementation.

miR-148a controls metabolic programming and survival of mature CD19-negative plasma cells in mice.

Long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells are essential to establish humoral memory against pathogens. While a regulatory transcription factor network has been established in plasma cell differentiation, the regulatory role of miRNAs remains enigmatic. We have recently identified miR-148a as the most abundant miRNA in primary mouse and human plasma cells.

TFG is required for autophagy flux and to prevent endoplasmic reticulum stress in CH12 B lymphoma cells.

Plasma cells depend on quality control of newly synthesized antibodies in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via macroautophagy/autophagy and proteasomal degradation. The cytosolic adaptor protein TFG (Trk-fused gene) regulates ER-Golgi transport, the secretory pathway and proteasome activity in non-immune cells. We show here that TFG is upregulated during lipopolysaccharide- and CpG-induced differentiation of B1 and B2 B cells into plasmablasts, with the highest expression of TFG in mature plasma cells.

Unraveling the mysteries of plasma cells.

Antibody-secreting plasma cells are the central pillars of humoral immunity. They are generated in a fundamental cellular restructuring process from naive B cells upon contact with antigen. This outstanding process is guided and controlled by a complex transcriptional network accompanied by a fascinating morphological metamorphosis, governed by the combined action of Blimp-1, Xbp-1 and IRF-4.

Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition).

These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical aspects of flow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there are comprehensive sections of all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine and human cells.

The Impact of Hyperosmolality on Activation and Differentiation of B Lymphoid Cells.

B lymphocytes, as a central part of adaptive immune responses, have the ability to fight against an almost unlimited numbers of pathogens. Impairment of B cell development, activation and differentiation to antibody secreting plasma cells can lead to malignancy, allergy, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. However, the impact of environmental factors, such as hyperosmolality or osmotic stress caused by varying salt concentrations in different lymphoid organs, on these processes is not well-understood.

Crystal structures of [IrCl(NHCHPh)((dppm)(C(Ndppm))-κ ,,')]Cl·5.5MeCN and [IrI(NHCHPh)(((dppm)C(N))-κ ,)(dppm-κ ,')]I(I)·0.5I·MeOH·0.5CHCl: triazene fragmentation in a PCN pincer iridium complex.

The structure of [IrCl(CHNP)]Cl·5.5CHCN or [IrCl(NHCHPh)(((dppm)C(Ndppm))κ )]Cl·5.5CHCN [, dppm = bis-(di-phenyl-phos-phino)methane; systematic name: di-chlorido(1,1,3,3,7,7,9,9-octa-phenyl-4,5-di-aza-1,3λ,7λ,9-tetra-phosphanona-3,5-dien-6-yl-κ , )-(phenyl-methanimine-κ)iridium(III) chloride aceto-nitrile hemihendeca-solvate], resulting from an oxygen-mediated cleavage of a triazeneyl-idene-phospho-rane ligand producing a diazo-methyl-ene-phospho-rane and a nitrene moiety, which in turn rearrange a Staudinger reaction and a 1,2-hydride shift to the first title complex, involves a six-coordinate Ir complex cation coordinated by a PCP pincer ligand, a benzaldimine and two chlorido ligands.

Crystal structures of two PCN pincer iridium complexes and one PCP pincer carbodi-phospho-rane iridium inter-mediate: substitution of one phosphine moiety of a carbodi-phospho-rane by an organic azide.

The structure of [Ir{(4-Cl-CHN)C(dppm)-κ ,,}(dppm-κ ,')]Cl·1.5CHCl·0.5CH (CHClIrNP·1.

Syntheses and crystal structures of [Ir{C(CHCOEt)(dppm)-κ ,,','}ClH]Cl·2.75CHCl and its derivatives, [Ir{C(CHCOEt)(dppm)-κ ,,','}(CHCOEt)Cl]Cl·CHOH·0.5HO, [Ir{C(CHCOEt)(dppm)-κ ,,','}Cl]Cl·CHOH·2HO and [Ir{C(CHCOEt)(dppm)-κ ,,','}(CHCOEt)(CO)]Cl·2CHCl·1.5HO.

The common feature of the four iridium(III) salt complexes, (bis-{[(di-phenyl-phosphan-yl)meth-yl]di-phenyl-phosphanyl-idene}(eth-oxy-oxoethanyl-idene)methane-κ ,,',')chlorido-hydridoiridium(III) chloride methyl-ene chloride 2.75-solvate (), (bis-{[(di-phenyl-phosphan-yl)meth-yl]di-phenyl-phosphanyl-idene}(eth-oxy-oxoethanyl-idene)methane-κ ,,',')chlorido-(eth-oxy-oxoethanido)iridium(III) chloride-methanol-water (1/1/0.5) (), (bis-{[(di-phenyl-phosphan-yl)meth-yl]di-phenyl-phosphanyl-idene}(eth-oxy-oxoethanyl-idene)methane-κ ,,',')di-chlorido-iridium(III) chloride-methanol-water (1/1/2) () and (bis-{[(di-phenyl-phosphan-yl)meth-yl]di-phenyl-phosphanyl-idene}(eth-oxy-oxoethanyl-idene)methane-κ ,,',')carbon-yl(eth-oxy-oxoethanide)iridium(III) dichloride-meth-yl-ene chloride-water (1/2/1.

Contextualizing numeric clinical test results for gist comprehension: Implications for EHR patient portals.

Patient portals to Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems are underused by older adults because of limited system usability and usefulness, including difficulty understanding numeric information. We investigated whether enhanced context for portal messages about test results improved responses to these messages, comparing verbally, graphically, and video-enhanced formats. Older adults viewed scenarios with fictitious patient profiles and messages describing results for these patients from cholesterol or diabetes screening tests indicating lower, borderline, or higher risk levels.