Regulatory T-cell dysfunction and cutaneous exposure to Staphylococcus aureus underlie eczema in DOCK8 deficiency.

Background: Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8)-deficient patients have severe eczema, elevated IgE, and eosinophilia, features of atopic dermatitis (AD).

Objective: We sought to understand the mechanisms of eczema in DOCK8 deficiency.

Methods: Skin biopsy samples were characterized by histology, immunofluorescence microscopy, and gene expression.

Glycerol monolaurate inhibits growth and is produced intracellularly in an ISG15-dependent manner.

Glycerol Monolaurate (GML) is a naturally occurring fatty acid monoester with antimicrobial properties. is an agent of bioterrorism known for its unique lipopolysaccharide structure and low immunogenicity. Here we assessed whether exogenous GML would inhibit the growth of .

virulence factors decrease epithelial barrier function and increase susceptibility to viral infection.

Individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) are highly colonized by and are more susceptible to severe viral complications. We hypothesized that secreted virulence factors may alter keratinocyte biology to enhance viral susceptibility through disruption of the skin barrier, impaired keratinocyte differentiation, and/or inflammation. To address this hypothesis, human keratinocytes were exposed to conditioned media from multiple strains that vary in virulence factor production (USA300, HG003, and RN4220) or select purified virulence factors.

Inhibition of Toxic Shock Syndrome-Associated by Probiotic Lactobacilli.

Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen with many infections originating on mucosal surfaces. One common group of S. aureus is the USA200 (CC30) clonal group, which produces toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1).

Agr Regulation of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A in .

Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs A, B, and C) are superantigens. SPE A shares high sequence similarity with enterotoxins (SEs) B and C. Since SPE A is bacteriophage-encoded, we hypothesized that its gene ( ) was acquired from .

Probable enterotoxin-associated toxic shock syndrome caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Background: We describe a case of a toxic shock-like syndrome in a child, which was associated with Staphylococcus epidermidis instead of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes, the usual causes of toxic shock syndrome.

Case Presentation: The patient was an 8-year-old boy who developed a toxic shock syndrome-like illness, including fever, hypotension, and rash. The Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate was cultured from urine, but this organism was unavailable for toxin testing.

Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B and C Mutants and Vaccine Toxoids.

Three mutants individually of both staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C were prepared by site-specific mutagenesis of enterotoxin amino acids that contact host T lymphocyte immune cell receptor sites (N23A, Q210A, and N23A/Q210A); these amino acids are shared between the two enterotoxins, and mutations reduce the interaction with the variable part of the β-chain of the T lymphocyte receptor. The mutant proteins, as expressed in Staphylococcus aureus RN4220, lacked biological toxicity as measured by the loss of (i) stimulation of rabbit splenocyte proliferation, (ii) pyrogenicity, and (iii) the ability to enhance the lethality of endotoxin shock, compared to wild-type enterotoxins. In addition, the mutants were able to vaccinate rabbits against pyrogenicity, the enhancement of endotoxin shock, and lethality in a pneumonia model when animals were challenged with methicillin-resistant S.

Host Cationic Antimicrobial Molecules Inhibit S. aureus Exotoxin Production.

Innate immune molecules, including antimicrobial peptides (for example, defensins) and lysozyme, function to delay or prevent bacterial infections. These molecules are commonly found on mucosal and skin surfaces. Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen and causes millions of infections annually.

Pathogen Stimulation of Interleukin-8 from Human Vaginal Epithelial Cells through CD40.

Many bacterial and fungal pathogens cause disease across mucosal surfaces, and to a lesser extent through skin surfaces. Pathogens that potentially cause disease vaginally across epithelial cells include Staphylococcus aureus, group A and B streptococci, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Candida albicans. We have previously shown that staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens induce inflammatory chemokines from vaginal epithelial cells through the immune costimulatory molecule CD40 through use of a CRISPR cas9 knockout mutant and complemented epithelial cell line.

TSST-1Staphylococcus aureus in Bullous Pemphigoid.

A potential role of Staphylococcus aureus in bullous pemphigoid was explored by examining the colonization rate in patients with new-onset disease compared with that in age- and sex-matched controls. S. aureus colonization was observed in 85% of bullous pemphigoid lesions, 3-6-fold higher than the nares or unaffected skin from the same patients (P ≤ 0.

Staphylococcal TSST-1 Association with Eczema Herpeticum in Humans.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a condition affecting 30 million persons in the United States. AD patients are heavily infected with Staphylococcus aureus on the skin. A particularly severe form of AD is eczema herpeticum (ADEH), where the patients' AD is complicated by S.

Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C Subtypes Are Differentially Associated with Human Infections and Immunobiological Activities.

causes significant infections, responsible for toxic shock syndrome (TSS), hemorrhagic pneumonia, and many other infections. secretes virulence factors, which include superantigens such as staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). We examined differences in immunobiological activities and disease associations among the four human SEC subtypes.

Human Keratinocyte Response to Superantigens.

and are significant human pathogens, causing infections at multiple body sites, including across the skin. Both are organisms that cause human diseases and secrete superantigens, including toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs). On the skin, human keratinocytes represent the first cell type to encounter these superantigens.

Kawasaki syndrome: role of superantigens revisited.

Kawasaki syndrome (KS) is an acute vasculitis in children complicated by the development of heart disease. Despite its description over 50 years ago, the etiology of coronary artery disease in KS is unknown. High dose intravenous immunoglobulin is the most effective approach to reduce cardiovascular complications.

Decolonization of Human Anterior Nares of Staphylococcus aureus with Use of a Glycerol Monolaurate Nonaqueous Gel.

is a highly significant infection problem in health care centers, particularly after surgery. It has been shown that nearly 80% of infections following surgery are the same as those in the anterior nares of patients, suggesting that the anterior nares is the source of the infection strain. This has led to the use of mupirocin ointment being applied nasally to reduce infections; mupirocin resistance is being observed.

Device-Associated Menstrual Toxic Shock Syndrome.

In the 1980s, menstrual toxic shock syndrome (mTSS) became a household topic, particularly among mothers and their daughters. The research performed at the time, and for the first time, exposed the American public as well as the biomedical community, in a major way, to understanding disease progression and investigation. Those studies led to the identification of the cause, and the pyrogenic toxin superantigen TSS toxin 1 (TSST-1), and many of the risk factors, for example, tampon use.

Five Percent Monolaurin Vaginal Gel for the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Objective: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that 5% monolaurin vaginal gel, a naturally occurring monoglyceride shown to have antimicrobial effects on vaginal pathogens without affecting Lactobacillus species, cures bacterial vaginosis (BV).

Materials And Methods: This was a multicenter, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial comparing 5% monolaurin vaginal gel to vehicle placebo (glycol-based) gel administered twice daily for 3 days. Nonpregnant, nonbreastfeeding women between ages 18 and 50 years were recruited and BV confirmed.

Glycerol Monolaurate, an Analogue to a Factor Secreted by , Is Virucidal against Enveloped Viruses, Including HIV-1.

The vaginal microbiota influences sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Colonization of the vaginal tract is normally dominated by species. Both and may secrete reutericyclin, which inhibits the growth of a variety of pathogenic bacteria.

The SrrAB two-component system regulates pathogenicity through redox sensitive cysteines.

infections can lead to diseases that range from localized skin abscess to life-threatening toxic shock syndrome. The SrrAB two-component system (TCS) is a global regulator of virulence and critical for survival under environmental conditions such as hypoxic, oxidative, and nitrosative stress found at sites of infection. Despite the critical role of SrrAB in pathogenicity, the mechanism by which the SrrAB TCS senses and responds to these environmental signals remains unknown.

Case report of an unusual presentation of Staphylococcus aureus induced toxic shock syndrome/hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome.

Rationale: Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) typically is an acute onset multi-organ infection caused by TSS toxin-1 producing Staphylococcus aureus. Herein we describe a highly unusual case report.

Patient Concerns: A male patient self-referred to the University of Minnesota Hospital with a chronic history of S aureus infection with accompanying fever, hypotension, and nonhealing, football-sized lesion on his leg.

Lack of efficient killing of purified dormant spores of Bacillales and Clostridiales species by glycerol monolaurate in a non-aqueous gel.

Inactivation of Bacillales and Clostridiales spores is of interest, since some cause food spoilage and human diseases. A recent publication (mSphere 3: e00597-1, 2018) reported that glycerol monolaurate (GML) in a non-aqueous gel (GMLg) effectively killed spores of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridioides difficile, and Bacillus anthracis spores to a lesser extent. We now show that (i) the B.