Cross-sectional survey of rural and nonrural veterinarians indicates similarities in intent to stay or leave practice and differences in community attachment and satisfaction.

Objective: The primary objective was to identify veterinary workforce characteristics and factors contributing to staying in or leaving a veterinary practice. A secondary objective was to compare workforce characteristics and factors related to retention between survey respondents working in rural versus nonrural areas.

Methods: Veterinarians were surveyed via a questionnaire distributed with the use of a state veterinary medical association listserv or veterinary program alumni listserv from February 2022 to January 2023 and social media postings on X (formerly known as Twitter) and Facebook in April 2022.

BIOMECHANICAL VARIABLES OF THE FOOT IN SOUND RETICULATED GIRAFFES () IN HUMAN CARE.

Lameness is an important veterinary and welfare concern for giraffes in human care. To date, there is limited information on the objective weight-bearing characteristics of the foot in giraffes, making evidence-based decisions for foot care and lameness treatment subjective. Eleven young-adult reticulated giraffes (; median age, 3.

Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids: Applications and Strategies.

Small ruminants are increasing in popularity as production and companion animals in the United States, and among sheep, goats, and camelids there are many disease processes and management techniques that have the potential to result in painful or noxious stimuli. In these species, many medications and therapeutic techniques can be used to reduce or eliminate the long-term consequences of pain. In this second portion of the review, we focus on the application of pain management in these species.

Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids: Analgesic Agents.

Small ruminants are increasing in popularity as both production and companion animals in the United States. Among sheep, goats, and camelids, there are many disease processes and management techniques that have the potential to result in painful or noxious stimuli. In these species, many medications and therapeutic techniques can be used to reduce or eliminate the long-term consequences of pain.

Elution of Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Tulathromycin, and Florfenicol From Plaster of Paris Beads.

The objectives of this study were to report a recipe for making antibiotic impregnated Plaster of Paris (AI-PoP) beads using penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, tulathromycin, and florfenicol and to determine the elution rates of those antibiotics in the beads. The AI-PoP beads were made using Plaster of Paris powder, antibiotic, and water, cured for 24 h, sterilized by ethylene oxide, and stored up to 5 months before testing. For each antibiotic, 20 beads were combined with bovine serum in sterile tubes and incubated at 37°C on a rocker.

Randomized controlled trial comparison of analgesic drugs for control of pain associated with induced lameness in lactating dairy cattle.

Both the economic loss and welfare implications of lameness affect the dairy industry. Currently no analgesic drugs are approved to alleviate lameness-associated pain in lactating dairy cattle in the United States. In this randomized controlled trial, 48 lactating Holsteins were enrolled to evaluate the effect of oral meloxicam and i.

Clinical presentations and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Corynebacterium cystitidis associated with renal disease in four beef cattle.

Background: Renal disease caused by Corynebacterium cystitidis in beef cattle may be misclassified as Corynebacterium renale, and limited information about C. cystitidis infections in beef cattle currently is available.

Objective: To describe clinical presentation, diagnosis, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and outcome of renal disease caused by C.

Histopathology and Spatial Distribution of Putative Growth Factors in Relation to Bacterial Localization of Within the Ovine Gallbladder.

is an important zoonotic pathogen that is the leading cause of both human foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and ovine abortion in the United States. Previous studies have demonstrated that the gallbladder of ruminants is often positive on culture for sp., suggesting that this environment may serve as a chronic nidus of infection for maintenance of disease within populations.

Surgical intervention for vertebral osteomyelitis in a calf.

Objective: To report the surgical treatment and outcome of a non-ambulatory calf with cervical vertebral ostoeomyelitis.

Study Design: Clinical report.

Sample Population: One 3.

Effects of transdermal flunixin meglumine on experimentally induced lameness in adult dairy cattle.

Lameness is a common animal health condition with significant production and welfare implications. The transdermal formulation of flunixin meglumine is the only approved drug for pain control in cattle in the United States. Thirty adult dairy cows were enrolled in a study to determine the effect of transdermal flunixin on cattle with induced lameness.

Pharmacokinetics of multiple doses of transdermal flunixin meglumine in adult Holstein dairy cows.

A transdermal formulation of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, flunixin meglumine, has been approved in the United States and Canada for single-dose administration. Transdermal flunixin meglumine was administered to 10 adult Holstein cows in their second or third lactation at the label dose of 3.33 mg/kg every 24 hr for three total treatments.

RNAseq Reveals Complex Response of to Ovine Bile and Gallbladder Environment.

Colonization of the gallbladder by enteric pathogens such as , and is thought to play a key role in transmission and persistence of these important zoonotic agents; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that allow for bacterial survival within this harsh environment. Recently, a highly virulent sheep abortion (SA) clone represented by the clinical isolate IA3902 has emerged as the dominant cause for sheep abortion in the United States. Previous studies have indicated that the clone SA can frequently be isolated from the gallbladders of otherwise healthy sheep, suggesting that the gallbladder may serve as an important reservoir for infection.

Efficacy of Teaching the Gambee Suture Pattern Using Simulated Small Intestine versus Cadaveric Small Intestine.

Objective: To determine if instruction using simulated small intestine (SSI) is as effective as using cadaveric small intestine to teach the Gambee suture pattern to second year veterinary students.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized, blinded study.

Sample Population: Second year veterinary students (n=59).

Surgery of the Sinuses and Eyes.

Conditions of the head requiring surgery in cattle are not uncommon when considering the incidence of conditions such as ocular squamous cell carcinoma and requests for surgical dehorning. Surgery involving the eyes in cattle is relatively common, whereas surgery of the paranasal sinuses is less common. Generally speaking, however, surgery for conditions of the head tend to have a more favorable prognosis when there is early intervention.

Identification of a Divergent Lineage Porcine Pestivirus in Nursing Piglets with Congenital Tremors and Reproduction of Disease following Experimental Inoculation.

Congenital tremors is a sporadic disease of neonatal pigs characterized by action-related repetitive myoclonus. A majority of outbreaks of congenital tremors have been attributed to an unidentified virus. The objectives of this project were to 1) detect potential pathogen(s) in samples from piglets with congenital tremors and 2) develop an infection model to reproduce disease.

Perspectives on the treatment of claw lesions in cattle.

Lameness is a leading cause of welfare and culling issues in cattle, with claw lesions accounting for the majority of these issues. Although the treatment of claw lesions in cattle is a daily activity for hoof trimmers, veterinarians, and livestock producers, there is surprisingly little information in the peer-reviewed literature on which to base strong evidence-based conclusions. As a consequence, many treatment modalities used are empirical and, in some cases, may be counterproductive to rapid lesion healing.

The effects of topical oxygen therapy on equine distal limb dermal wound healing.

Topical oxygen therapy (TOT) has been used in human medicine to promote healing in chronic wounds. To test the efficacy and safety of TOT in horses, an experimental wound model was created by making 1 standardized dermal wound on each limb of 4 healthy horses (n = 16). Each wound was fitted with an oxygen delivery cannula and covered with a bandage.

Surgical correction of angular and torsional metatarsal deformity with cylindrical osteotomy and locking compression plates in a calf.

Objective: To report successful surgical correction of concurrent angular and torsional metatarsal deformities in a calf using a cylindrical osteotomy and locking compression plate (LCP) technology.

Study Design: Case report.

Animals: A 10-week-old composite bull calf.

Characterization of a reversible lameness model in the horse.

Objective: Characterization of a model of reversible foot lameness in the horse.

Methods: Both forelimb hooves were fitted with a circumferential clamp. After three baseline measurements utilizing a force platform, one clamp was tightened to induce a grade 2.

Identification of Lamanema chavezi Becklund 1963 infection in a llama (Lama glama) in the United States.

Infection with Lamanema chavezi, a parasitic nematode of New World camelids, was diagnosed by examination of feces and formalin-fixed liver from a 14-month-old female llama (Lama glama) that died after a 6-week illness. Infection with L. chavezi was initially suspected when a granuloma containing an unidentified nematode was detected microscopically in the hepatic parenchyma from a necropsy specimen.

Assessment and management of pain in small ruminants and camelids.

Many disease processes and management procedures of small ruminants have the potential to result in painful or noxious stimuli. There are a variety of medications and interventions that can be used to minimize the long-term consequences of pain in these species. The first portion of this article focuses on the commonly used medications available for pain management of small ruminants and discusses the benefits and side effects to their use.

Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral meloxicam in llamas.

Background: South American camelids in the United States have rapidly developed into an important agricultural industry in need of veterinary services. Pain management is challenging in camelids because there are no drugs currently approved by the U.S.

Effects of industrial polystyrene foam insulation pads on the center of pressure and load distribution in the forefeet of clinically normal horses.

Objective: To evaluate the ability of industrial polystyrene foam insulation pads to redistribute loads placed on clinically normal weight-bearing structures of the foot and shift the location of the center of pressure palmarly in horses.

Animals: 25 nonlame mature horses.

Procedures: Both forefeet from each horse were evaluated.