Effectiveness of fissure sealants in 8- to 10-year-olds with and without molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) - results from a cross-sectional epidemiological study.

Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the use, quality, and caries-preventive effects of fissure sealants (FSs) in 8- to 10-year-olds with and without molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH).

Materials And Methods: A total of 5,418 children (2,692 males, 2,726 females) were examined via standard instruments (dental mirrors, CPI probes, adequate lighting, mobile examination tables, and air syringes) and methods for the recording of caries (DMFT index, WHO method) and FSs. The classification of MIH followed the recommendations of the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (EAPD).

Strong coupling between WS monolayer excitons and a hybrid plasmon polariton at room temperature.

Light-matter interactions between plasmonic and excitonic modes have attracted considerable interest in recent years. A major challenge in achieving strong coupling is the identification of suitable metallic nanostructures that combine tight field confinement with sufficiently low losses. Here, we report on a room-temperature study on the interaction of tungsten disulfide (WS) monolayer excitons with a hybrid plasmon polariton (HPP) mode supported by nanogroove grating structures milled into single-crystalline silver flakes.

Prevalence and Association of Caries and Enamel Hypomineralisation/Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation in 8- to 10-Year-Old Children from Bavaria, Germany.

Introduction: The aim of this cross-sectional epidemiological study was to record caries and enamel hypomineralisation (EH), including molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH), and assess associations between both entities in 8- to 10-year-olds from Bavaria, Germany.

Methods: A total of 5,418 children (mean age 9.8 years; 2,726 females, 2,692 males) were examined using the dmft/DMFT index with additional inclusion of initial or non-cavitated carious lesions (it/IT).

Near-Field Observation of the Photonic Spin Hall Effect.

The photonic spin Hall effect, referring to the spatial separation of photons with opposite spins due to spin-orbit interactions, has enabled potential for various spin-sensitive applications and devices. Here, using scattering-type near-field scanning optical microscopy, we observe spin-orbit interactions introduced by a subwavelength semiring antenna integrated in a plasmonic circuit. Clear evidence of unidirectional excitation of surface plasmon polaritons is obtained by direct comparison of the amplitude- and phase-resolved near-field maps of the plasmonic nanocircuit under excitation with photons of opposite spin states coupled to a plasmonic nanoantenna.

Visual hindsight bias for abnormal mammograms in radiologists.

Purpose: Hindsight bias-where people falsely believe they can accurately predict something once they know about it-is a pervasive decision-making phenomenon, including in the interpretation of radiological images. Evidence suggests it is not only a decision-making phenomenon but also a visual perception one, where prior information about an image enhances our visual perception of the contents of that image. The current experiment investigates to what extent expert radiologists perceive mammograms with visual abnormalities differently when they know what the abnormality is (a visual hindsight bias), above and beyond being biased at a decision level.

3-Year Clinical Performance of a New Pit and Fissure Sealant.

The aim of this 3-year, randomized clinical trial (RCT) in split-mouth design was to explore the clinical survival of a Bis-GMA-free pit and fissure sealant (Helioseal F Plus) in comparison to a control material (Helioseal F). The initial population consisted of 92 adolescents. Follow-ups took place after one year (N = 85), two years (N = 82) and three years (N = 76) after application.

Clinical performance of a new fissure sealant-results from a 2-year randomized clinical trial.

Objectives: The aim of this randomized clinical trial (RCT) was to explore the clinical survival of a new, Bis-GMA-free pit and fissure sealant (Helioseal F Plus) in comparison to an established control material (Helioseal F).

Material And Methods: This in vivo study was designed as a prospective, 2-year, two-centre RCT with a split-mouth design. The initial study population consisted of 92 adolescents who were followed up 1 month (N = 89), 6 months (N = 88), 1 year (N = 85) and 2 years (N = 82) after sealant application.

Distribution and Polarization of Caries in Adolescent Populations.

The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of adolescents with severe caries to analyze the prevalence of caries and to visualize the unequal distribution. Data from three epidemiological studies (10- and 15-year-olds: GINIplus and LISA cohorts in Munich, Bavaria; 12-year-olds: LAGZ survey in Bavaria, Germany) with 2875 adolescents were available for analysis. All individuals were examined according to the WHO standard.

Relationships between expertise and distinctiveness: Abnormal medical images lead to enhanced memory performance only in experts.

Memories are encoded in a manner that depends on our knowledge and expectations ("schemas"). Consistent with this, expertise tends to improve memory: Experts have elaborated schemas in their domains of expertise, allowing them to efficiently represent information in this domain (e.g.

Interferometric near-field characterization of plasmonic slot waveguides in single- and poly-crystalline gold films.

Single-crystalline gold films show superior plasmonic properties compared to their poly-crystalline counterparts. However, this advantage comes at the cost of a more complex preparation process. It is thus crucial to validate whether the impact of the material quality on the performance of the respective plasmonic device justifies this additional effort.

Axis of rotation as a basic feature in visual search.

Searching for a "Q" among "O"s is easier than the opposite search (Treisman & Gormican in Psychological Review, 95, 15-48, 1988). In many cases, such "search asymmetries" occur because it is easier to search when a target is defined by the presence of a feature (i.e.

Freestanding metasurfaces for optical frequencies.

We present freestanding metasurfaces operating at optical frequencies with a total thickness of only 40 nm. The metasurfaces are fabricated by focused ion beam milling of nanovoids in a carbon film followed by thermal evaporation of gold and plasma ashing of the carbon film. As a first example, we demonstrate a metasurface lens based on resonant V-shaped nanovoids with a focal length of 1 mm.

How did I miss that? Developing mixed hybrid visual search as a 'model system' for incidental finding errors in radiology.

In a real world search, it can be important to keep 'an eye out' for items of interest that are not the primary subject of the search. For instance, you might look for the exit sign on the freeway, but you should also respond to the armadillo crossing the road. In medicine, these items are known as "incidental findings," findings of possible clinical significance that were not the main object of search.

4-Trifluoromethyl-substituted coumarins with large Stokes shifts: synthesis, bioconjugates, and their use in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy.

Bright and photostable fluorescent dyes with large Stokes shifts are widely used as sensors, molecular probes, and light-emitting markers in chemistry, life sciences, and optical microscopy. In this study, new 7-dialkylamino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarins have been designed for use in bioconjugation reactions and optical microscopy. Their synthesis was based on the Stille reaction of 3-chloro-4-trifluoromethylcoumarins and available (hetero)aryl- or (hetero)arylethenyltin derivatives.

Solid immersion facilitates fluorescence microscopy with nanometer resolution and sub-ångström emitter localization.

Exploring the maximum spatial resolution achievable in far-field optical imaging, we show that applying solid immersion lenses (SIL) in stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy addresses single spins with a resolution down to 2.4 ± 0.3 nm and with a localization precision of 0.

Sex differences in response to maximal exercise stress test in trained adolescents.

Background: Sex comparisons between girls and boys in response to exercise in trained adolescents are missing and we investigated similarities and differences as a basis for clinical interpretation and guidance.

Methods: A total of 24 adolescent females and 27 adolescent males aged 13-19 years underwent a maximal bicycle exercise stress test with measurement of cardiovascular variables, cardiac output, lung volumes, metabolic factors/lactate concentrations and breath-by-breath monitoring of ventilation, and determination of peak VO(2).

Results: Maximum heart rate was similar in females (191 ± 9 bpm) and males (194 ± 7 bpm), cardiac index at maximum exercise was lower in females (7.

[4+2] cycloaddition reactions between 1,8-disubstituted cyclooctatetraenes and diazo dienophiles: stereoelectronic effects, anticancer properties and application to the synthesis of 7,8-substituted bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-dienes.

A detailed examination of [4+2] cycloaddition reactions between 1,8-disubstituted cyclooctatetraenes and diazo compounds revealed that 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-dione (PTAD) reacts to form either 2,3- or 3,4-disubstituted adducts. The product distribution can be controlled by modulating the electron density of the cyclooctatetraene. Unprecedented [4+2] cycloadditions between diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD) and 1,8-disubstituted cyclooctatetraenes are also described and further manipulation of a resulting cycloadduct uncovered a new pathway to the synthetically challenging bicyclo[4.

Anticancer agents from the Australian tropical rainforest: Spiroacetals EBC-23, 24, 25, 72, 73, 75 and 76.

EBC-23, 24, 25, 72, 73, 75 and 76 were isolated from the fruit of Cinnamomum laubatii (family Lauraceae) in the Australian tropical rainforests. EBC-23 (1) was synthesized stereoselectively, in nine linear steps in 8 % overall yield, to confirm the reported relative stereochemistry and determine the absolute stereochemistry. Key to the total synthesis was a series of Tietze-Smith linchpin reactions.

Structure and absolute stereochemistry of the anticancer agent EBC-23 from the Australian rainforest.

EBC-23 (2), a prostate anticancer agent, was isolated from the fruit of Cinnamomum laubatii (family Lauraceae) in the Australian tropical rainforest. Extensive NOE experiments enabled the relative stereochemistry of the proposed EBC-23 (2) structure to be determined. Total synthesis of both enantiopodes over nine linear steps, involving challenging RCM and spiroacetal cyclizations, confirmed the gross structure and relative and absolute stereochemistry.

Modular synthesis of a new family of tripodal ligands, all-cis-1,2,3-tris(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclopropane and relatives.

Bisbenzyl-protected all-cis-1,2,3-tris(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropane has been obtained in three steps from commercially available cis-2-butene-1,4-diol (75% overall yield) and used to prepare a number of all-cis-1,2,3-trisubstituted cyclopropane derivatives. Among them, the new tripodal ligand all-cis-tris(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclopropane (TriCyp-PPP) has been demonstrated to furnish-with pi-allylpalladium chloride dimer-a highly active catalyst for the allylation of diethyl methylmalonate enolate with allyl acetate.

Stereoselective preparation of six diastereomeric quatercyclopropanes from bicyclopropylidene and some derivatives.

Diastereomeric meso- and d,l-bis(bicyclopropylidenyl) (5) were obtained upon oxidation with oxygen of a higher-order cuprate generated from lithiobicyclopropylidene (4) in 50 and 31 % yield, respectively. Their perdeuterated analogues meso-[D(14)]- and d,l-[D(14)]-5 were obtained along the same route from perdeuterated bicyclopropylidene [D(8)]-3 (synthesized in six steps in 7.4 % overall yield from [D(8)]-THF) in 20.

An access to 3,4-(aminomethano)proline in racemic and enantiomerically pure form.

Protected racemic and enantiomerically pure 3,4-(aminomethano)prolines rac-9 and (2S,2'R,3R,4R)-9 have been prepared applying a titanium-mediated reductive cyclopropanation as a key step. Thus, cyclopropanations of N,N-dibenzylformamide with titanacyclopropanes generated in situ from racemic or enantiomerically pure tert-butyl N-Boc-3,4-dehydroprolinates rac-8 or (S)-8 proceed diastereoselectively, and furnish the protected racemic and enantiomerically pure diamino acid 9. The latter was incorporated into three tripeptides containing glycyl, alanyl and phenylalanyl moieties.

Heats of formation of [2.2]paracyclophane-1-ene and [2.2]paracyclophane-1,9-diene - an experimental study.

The enthalpies of formation [Delta(g)] of tricyclo[8.2.2.