Supervised Automated Kinetic Perimetry (SAKP) Using Simulated Visual Field Data - Presentation of a New Examination Technique.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop, optimise, train, and evaluate an algorithm for performing Supervised Automated Kinetic Perimetry (SAKP) using digitalised perimetric simulation data.

Methods: The original SAKP algorithm was based on findings from a multicentre study to establish reference values by semi-automated kinetic perimetry (SKP) combined with an automated examination method with moving stimuli ("Program K", developed in Japan). The algorithm evaluated the outer angles of isopter segments and responded to deviations from expected values by placing examination vectors to measure the outer boundaries of the visual field (VF).

[Electronic Documentation of Findings in Visual Impairment Counselling Using FIDUS Software].

Background: The increasing use of electronic documentation extends to consultation for the visually impaired. The aim of this project was to develop a set of forms and electronic patient records specifically for low vision care, giving equal consideration to ophthalmological, orthoptic, and optometric specialities, as well as teaching aspects.

Patients And Methods: FIDUS software (FIDUS Arztservice Wente GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) is a well-established tool in ophthalmology practices and clinics.

Does intraocular straylight predict night driving visual performance? Correlations between straylight levels and contrast sensitivity, halo size, and hazard recognition distance with and without glare.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between intraocular straylight perception and: (i) contrast sensitivity (CS), (ii) halo size, and (iii) hazard recognition distance, in the presence and absence of glare.

Subjects And Methods: Participants were 15 (5 female) ophthalmologically healthy adults, aged 54.6-80.

Contrast Sensitivity and Night Driving in Older People: Quantifying the Relationship Between Visual Acuity, Contrast Sensitivity, and Hazard Detection Distance in a Night-Time Driving Simulator.

Purpose: (i) To assess how well contrast sensitivity (CS) predicts night-time hazard detection distance (a key component of night driving ability), in normally sighted older drivers, relative to a conventional measure of high contrast visual acuity (VA); (ii) To evaluate whether CS can be accurately quantified within a night driving simulator.

Materials And Methods: Participants were 15 (five female) ophthalmologically healthy adults, aged 55-81 years. CS was measured in a driving simulator using Landolt Cs, presented under or driving conditions, and or glare.

Benchmarking Visual Performance with Monofocal Intraocular Lenses with and without Enhanced Optical Properties in a Nighttime Driving Simulator Environment: A Proof-of-Concept Study.

Background: The purpose of this study is to introduce a method for benchmarking intraocular lenses during driving activities under highly standardized conditions, specifically with regard to visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS). Therefore, patients with intraocular lens (IOL) implants ICB00 (Tecnis Eyhance, Johnson & Johnson, Santa Ana, CA, USA) vs. CNA0T0 (Clareon, Alcon Laboratories Inc.

Three-Year Changes in Visual Function in the Placebo Group of a Randomized Double-Blind International Multicenter Safety Study: Analysis of Electroretinography, Perimetry, Color Vision, and Visual Acuity in Individuals With Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris.

Purpose: To determine whether significant deteriorations in objective (electroretinography [ERG]) and subjective (standard automated and semi-automated kinetic perimetry; color discrimination; and best-corrected visual acuity) tests of visual function, potentially attributable to aging, occurred in the group randomized to placebo of a 3-year prospective multicenter ocular safety study of ivabradine for chronic stable angina pectoris.

Methods: The multicenter trial was conducted at 11 international ophthalmic centers. Changes in visual function between baseline and month 36 were analyzed by means of a two-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test, based on the Hodges and Lehman estimator of the median difference, with the 95% confidence intervals derived by Walsh averages.

Dissociation between red and white stimulus perception: A perimetric quantification of protanopic color vision deficiencies.

Significance: Horizontal visual field extension was assessed for red and white stimuli in subjects with protanopia using semi-automated kinetic perimetry. In contrast to a conventional anomaloscope, the "red/white dissociation ratio" (RWR) allows to describe protanopia numerically. For the majority of subjects with protanopia a restriction for faint red stimuli was found.

Response time and response time variability as indicators of response quality during static automated perimetry.

Purpose: Perimetry is a both demanding and strenuous examination method that is often accompanied by signs of fatigue, leading to false responses and thus incorrect results. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the response quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response time (RT) and its variability (RTV) as quality indicators during static automated perimetry.

[Introduction of a novel video retinoscope : Application of a conventional retinoscope and video retinoscope in teaching-A comparative pilot study].

The video retinoscope presented here makes it possible for the first time to interactively demonstrate, discuss, evaluate and document optical phenomena with the aid of an integrated touch display. The precision in relation to the objective refraction results between the conventional retinoscope (CS) and video retinoscope (VS) is comparable (p = 0.093, Wilcoxon test).

Anatomical Location of the Raphe and Extended Raphe in the Human Retina: Implications for Assessment of the Optic Nerve with OCT.

Purpose: To determine the location of (1) the superior-inferior watershed between the fovea and optic disc (extended raphe) at the peripapillary optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement circle and (2) the raphe, temporal to the fovea.

Methods: We used existing data consisting of 2285 traced retinal nerve fiber bundle trajectories from 83 fundus images. For localization of the extended raphe at the 3.

Quality Control Procedures and Baseline Values for Electroretinography, Perimetry, Color Vision, and Visual Acuity in an International Multicenter Study: Observations from a Safety Trial in Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris.

Purpose: To describe quality control procedures and baseline values of electroretinography (ERG), kinetic and static perimetry, color discrimination, and best-corrected visual acuity from a multicenter ocular safety study.

Methods: A multicenter prospective longitudinal randomized placebo-controlled study was conducted at 11 ophthalmic centers that had received certification following training, instruction, and monitoring. ERGs were obtained with the Espion E2 Ganzfeld console, perimetry with the Octopus 101 perimeter, color discrimination with the Lanthony desaturated D15 test, and best-corrected visual acuity with the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart.

[Comparison of visual and auditory pathway].

Humans receive information from their environment via the visual and auditory systems. This information protects us from dangers and guarantees vital actions, such as social interaction, locomotion, work processes and nutrition. The most important anatomical and functional features of these two sensory systems are compared and elucidated with respect to their interaction/functional complementarity.

[Anatomy and physiology of the auditory pathway].

The auditory system consists of the ear located in the periphery, in which a conversion of the sound into an electrical signal takes place, and neurons, which perform central processing based on action potentials. The most important anatomical and functional features of the auditory system are explained. For this purpose, a selective literature search was carried out in the databases PubMed (also in the Europe PubMed Central), Psychline, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Web of Science.

[Structure and function of the visual pathway].

Humans receive information from their environment mainly via the visual system. Signals from the photoreceptors of the retina via bipolar and ganglion cells are projected onto specific neuronal subpopulations in the lateral geniculate body and from there are forwarded to appropriate layers of the primary visual cortex. The most important anatomical and functional features of the visual system are explained.

[Interactive training using a smartphone video retinoscope : Video article].

Background: The purpose of this project is to apply and optimize a conventional streak retinoscope connected to a smartphone in order to demonstrate and record retinoscopic techniques, related phenomena, typical examination errors in a standardized environment and to use this set-up to produce instructional video clips. The videos enhance and improve the trainer-trainee interaction by instantly visualizing the optical phenomena on the integrated monitor of the retinoscope.

Methods: A smartphone (iPhone 6, Apple, Cupertino, CA, USA) is reversibly connected to a Beta 200 streak retinoscope (HEINE, Herrsching, Germany) via a coupling plate.

[New DIN and ISO norms for determination of visual acuity].

Recently, three international norms (ISO) for visual acuity assessment were revised. The DIN EN ISO 8596:2018 stipulates the Landolt C eye chart as the standard optotype and specifies display characteristics. An informative annex lists clinical optotypes for the first time.

[Perimetry in Neuro-ophthalmological Function Diagnostics: Indication - Methods - Topodiagnostic Aspects].

The assessment of visual field findings is fundamental in neuro-ophthalmological functional diagnostics: By means of perimetry, functional and topodiagnostic considerations in case of unexplained visual loss or suspected lesions of the visual pathway are possible in a non-invasive manner. Repeated examinations allow for functional follow-up of a disease and judgement on the efficacy of a therapeutic procedure. This paper is intended to convey the basics of visual field examination and diagnostics.

Retinal nerve fiber bundle trajectories in Chinese myopic eyes: Comparison with a Caucasian based mathematical model.

Previously we developed a mathematical model for describing the retinal nerve fiber bundle (RNFB) trajectories in the human retina. The model was based on Caucasian eyes that were not selected regarding refraction. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of the RNFB trajectories in Chinese myopic eyes.

Organization of area hV5/MT+ in subjects with homonymous visual field defects.

Damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) leads to a visual field loss (scotoma) in the retinotopically corresponding part of the visual field. Nonetheless, a small amount of residual visual sensitivity persists within the blind field. This residual capacity has been linked to activity observed in the middle temporal area complex (V5/MT+).

Refractive errors.

Background: All over the world, refractive errors are among the most frequently occuring treatable distur - bances of visual function. Ametropias have a prevalence of nearly 70% among adults in Germany and are thus of great epidemiologic and socio-economic relevance.

Methods: In the light of their own clinical experience, the authors review pertinent articles retrieved by a selective literature search employing the terms "ametropia, "anisometropia," "refraction," "visual acuity," and epidemiology.

[Contrast vision-definitions, conversions, and equivalence tables].

Human contrast vision and its quantitative assessment are gaining more attention. Publications on this topic can be confusing due to the overabundance of differing definitions and quantification of contrast vision. As a case in point, in Germany, contrast ratios as required for certain driving licenses and the DIN-defined contrast ratio are reciprocal.

SubsMatch 2.0: Scanpath comparison and classification based on subsequence frequencies.

Our eye movements are driven by a continuous trade-off between the need for detailed examination of objects of interest and the necessity to keep an overview of our surrounding. In consequence, behavioral patterns that are characteristic for our actions and their planning are typically manifested in the way we move our eyes to interact with our environment. Identifying such patterns from individual eye movement measurements is however highly challenging.