Oral Care in Head and Neck Radiotherapy: Proposal for an Oral Hygiene Protocol.

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on the oral side effects caused by radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. Various treatments are examined to mitigate these sequelae, and a protocol is proposed for dentists and dental hygienists to manage oncological patients. A literature search was conducted to select relevant articles addressing the effects of radiotherapy treatments on the oral cavity, with a particular focus on the development of mucositis, candidiasis, changes in salivary pH, trismus, fibrosis, and alterations in the oral biofilm.

IFNα induces CCR5 in CD4 T cells of HIV patients causing pathogenic elevation.

Background: Among people living with HIV, elite controllers (ECs) maintain an undetectable viral load, even without receiving anti-HIV therapy. In non-EC patients, this therapy leads to marked improvement, including in immune parameters, but unlike ECs, non-EC patients still require ongoing treatment and experience co-morbidities. In-depth, comprehensive immune analyses comparing EC and treated non-EC patients may reveal subtle, consistent differences.

The CEPH aging cohort and biobank: a valuable collection of biological samples from exceptionally long-lived French individuals and their offspring for longevity studies.

The increasing aging of the human population is currently and for the coming decades a major public health issue in many countries, requiring the implementation of global public health policies promoting healthy and successful aging. Individuals are not equal in the face of aging and some can present exceptional healthspan and/or lifespan, which are notably influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Research and studies on human aging, healthy aging and longevity should rely in particular on cohorts of long-lived individuals, also including biological samples allowing studies on the biology of aging and longevity.

Early Elevated IFNα Identified as the Key Mediator of HIV Pathogenesis and its low level a Hallmark of Elite Controllers.

Advances in HIV therapy came from understanding its replication. Further progress toward "functional cure" -no therapy needed as found in Elite Controllers (EC)- may come from insights in pathogenesis and avoidance by EC. Here we show that all immune cells from HIV-infected persons are impaired in non-EC, but not in EC.

IFNα induces CCR5 in CD4 T-cells, causing its anti- HIV inefficiency and its subsequent pathogenic elevation, partially controlled by anti-HIV therapy.

Like EC, we find that ART-treated patients control serum IFNα concentration and show few immune cell alterations enabling a healthy but fragile medical status. However, treatment interruption leads to elevated IFNα reflecting virus production indicating that like EC, ART does not achieve a virological cure. The immune system becomes overwhelmed by multiple immune cell abnormalities as found in untreated patients.

Cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with endometriosis: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Endometriosis is believed to be associated with dysfunction of the lymphocyte population and cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells, induced by the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2).

Objective: This study aimed to investigate T lymphocytes and NK cell activity in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of women with endometriosis.

Materials And Methods: PBMCs were obtained from the peripheral venous blood samples of 14 women with and without endometriosis (n = 7 for each group).

Microenvironment tailors nTreg structure and function.

Natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) ensure the control of self-tolerance and are currently used in clinical trials to alleviate autoimmune diseases and graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transfer. Based on CD39/CD26 markers, blood nTreg analysis revealed the presence of five different cell subsets, each representing a distinct stage of maturation. Ex vivo added microenvironmental factors, including IL-2, TGFβ, and PGE2, direct the conversion from naive precursor to immature memory and finally from immature to mature memory cells, the latest being a no-return stage.

Lack of evidence of rotavirus-dependent molecular mimicry as a trigger of coeliac disease.

New data suggest the involvement of rotavirus (RV) in triggering autoimmunity in coeliac disease (CD) by molecular mimicry between the human-transglutaminase protein and the dodecapeptide (260-271 aa) of the RV protein VP7 (pVP7). To assess the role of RV in the onset of CD, we measured anti-pVP7 antibodies in the sera of children with CD and of control groups. We analysed serum samples of 118 biopsy-proven CD patients and 46 patients with potential CD; 32 children with other gastrointestinal diseases; 107 no-CD children and 107 blood donors.

Membrane expression of NK receptors CD160 and CD158k contributes to delineate a unique CD4+ T-lymphocyte subset in normal and mycosis fungoides skin.

CD160 is a GPI-anchored Ig-like receptor identified by the BY55 mAb on human circulating CD56dim+ NK cells and TCRγδ lymphocytes. In addition, while most intestinal T lymphocytes express it, only a minor circulating CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocyte subset is CD160+. Here we describe a population of CD4+ CD160+ human blood T lymphocytes of circulating cutaneous T cells.

Expression of Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α and vascular endothelial growth factor-C in locally advanced breast cancer patients.

Background: Locally advanced breast cancers are more prevalent in underdeveloped countries. Targeted therapy has been improved to identify hallmarks that are specific to these subtypes of tumors.

Objectives: We aimed to prospectively assess the expression of Hypoxia inducible factor-1 α and vascular endothelial growth factor-C in locally advanced breast cancer patients.

Engagement of IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) with the monoclonal antibody AY19 provides co-activating signals and prolongs the CD2-induced proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes.

IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) is the second subunit required to form a functional receptor complex for IL-1α and β, IL-1F6, IL-1F8, IL1-F9 and IL-33. While it does not directly interact with the cytokines, IL-1RAcP is necessary to mediate signal transduction. We previously reported a monoclonal antibody with an unknown specificity, termed AY19, that was capable to induce a significant increase in the size of CFU-GM colonies when added to cultures of human cord blood CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors.

Identification of a novel CD160+ CD4+ T-lymphocyte subset in the skin: a possible role for CD160 in skin inflammation.

CD160 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface molecule expressed by human circulating cytotoxic lymphocytes that correspond to the majority of natural killer cell (NK) expressing CD56(dim), TCRgammadelta lymphocytes, and to a minor CD8 T-cell subset. CD160 engagement by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules triggers by itself both cytotoxic function and cytokine production in NK lymphocytes, whereas it provides co-activating signals to TCR-induced proliferation in T CD8+ lymphocytes. In this study, we analyzed by immunohistochemistry the phenotype of lymphocytes infiltrating normal skin and inflammatory skin lesions of atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and psoriasis.

The co-expression of 2B4 (CD244) and CD160 delineates a subpopulation of human CD8+ T cells with a potent CD160-mediated cytolytic effector function.

Within human CD8+ T lymphocytes, the CD27-CD45RAhigh or CD56+ phenotypes contribute to precisely define the cells with CTL effector function. Novel markers were demonstrated to correlate with CTL properties, such as the 2B4 (CD244) receptor, a member of the CD2 subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily or the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored CD160 receptor. We performed a study of these markers to further define the population of effectors with CTL functions.

Significance of circulating T-cell clones in Sezary syndrome.

Identification of malignant Sézary cells by T-cell receptor (TCR) clonality studies is routinely used for the diagnosis of Sézary syndrome, but T-cell clones expressed in a single patient have never been accurately characterized. We previously reported that CD158k expression delineates Sézary syndrome malignant cells, and, more recently, we identified vimentin at the surface membranes of Sézary cells and normal activated lymphocytes. In the present study, T-cell clones from 13 patients with Sézary syndrome were identified by immunoscopy and further characterized in the blood according to their TCR Vbeta, CD158k, and vimentin cell-surface expression.

Circulating natural killer lymphocytes are potential cytotoxic effectors against autologous malignant cells in sezary syndrome patients.

Patients with advanced cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) exhibit profound defects in cell-mediated immunity. Although it has been suggested that Sezary syndrome (SS) patients have a decreased natural killer (NK) lymphocyte activity, nothing has been reported concerning the sensitivity of Sezary cells to NK lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Peripheral blood NK cells from healthy donors were tested against Sezary tumoral cell lines as well as against freshly isolated Sezary cells.

Soluble CD100 functions on human monocytes and immature dendritic cells require plexin C1 and plexin B1, respectively.

CD100 represents the first semaphorin described in the immune system. It is expressed as a 300-kDa homodimer at the surface of most hematopoietic cells, but is also found in a soluble form following a proteolytic cleavage upon cell activation. We herein established that soluble CD100 (sCD100) impaired the migration of human monocytes and immature dendritic cells (DCs), but not of mature DCs.

Cutting edge: engagement of CD160 by its HLA-C physiological ligand triggers a unique cytokine profile secretion in the cytotoxic peripheral blood NK cell subset.

CD160 is an Ig-like activating NK cell receptor expressed on the majority of circulating NK cells. This population corresponds to the nonproliferating, highly cytolytic, CD56dimCD16+ subset. CD160 engagement by HLA-C molecules mediates cytotoxic function.

CD158k/KIR3DL2 is a new phenotypic marker of Sezary cells: relevance for the diagnosis and follow-up of Sezary syndrome.

CD158k molecules belong to the family of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) that are expressed on a minor population of circulating NK and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Here, we report a strong positive correlation between the percentage of CD158k+ blood lymphocytes analyzed by flow cytometry and the percentage of atypical circulating cells (Sezary cells) determined by cytomorphology in a large group of patients with Sezary syndrome. Moreover, we show that circulating CD4+CD158k+ lymphocytes correspond to the malignant clonal cell population.

Dual effect of local application of nitric oxide donors in a model of incision pain in rats.

The effects of local application of a cream containing nitric oxide (NO) donors, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) or isosorbide dinitrate were studied in a rat model of incision pain. An incision was made in the plantar aspect of a hind paw and the cream was applied inside the surgical wound. SNAP (1-10%) or isosorbide (2.

Expression of CD41 on hematopoietic progenitors derived from embryonic hematopoietic cells.

In this study, we have characterized the early steps of hematopoiesis during embryonic stem cell differentiation. The immunophenotype of hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from murine embryonic stem cells was determined using a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for hematopoietic differentiation antigens. Surprisingly, the CD41 antigen (alphaIIb integrin, platelet GPIIb), essentially considered to be restricted to megakaryocytes, was found on a large proportion of cells within embryoid bodies although very few megakaryocytes were detected.

Requirement for mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in the response of embryonic stem cell-derived hematopoietic cells to thrombopoietin in vitro.

Enforced expression of c-mpl in embryonic stem (ES) cells inactivated for this gene results in protein expression in all the ES cell progeny, producing cells that do not belong to the megakaryocytic lineage and are responsive to PEG-rhuMGDF, a truncated form of human thrombopoietin (TPO) conjugated to polyethylene glycol. These include a primitive cell called BL-CFC, thought to represent the equivalent of the hemangioblast, and all myeloid progenitor cells. In this model, PEG-rhuMGDF was able to potentiate the stimulating effects of other growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor, on BL-CFC and a combination of cytokines on the growth of granulocyte macrophage-colony-forming units.

Different expression of CD41 on human lymphoid and myeloid progenitors from adults and neonates.

The glycoprotein (Gp) IIb/IIIa integrin, also called CD41, is the platelet receptor for fibrinogen and several other extracellular matrix molecules. Recent evidence suggests that its expression is much wider in the hematopoietic system than was previously thought. To investigate the precise expression of the CD41 antigen during megakaryocyte (MK) differentiation, CD34(+) cells from cord blood and mobilized blood cells from adults were grown for 6 days in the presence of stem cell factor and thrombopoietin.