"A bit lost"-Living with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the transition between adolescence and adulthood: an exploratory qualitative study.

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) begins in childhood and in many cases persists into adulthood. The transition from adolescence to adulthood for young people with ADHD is a vulnerable time and can be associated with comorbid conditions and unfavorable outcomes. Thus, further studies are needed to explore the characteristics of the transition period in emerging adulthood.

Prevalence of chronic and multisite pain in adolescents and young adults with ADHD: a comparative study between clinical and general population samples (the HUNT study).

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and chronic pain are prevalent and associated. We examined the prevalence and distribution of chronic pain in adolescents and young adults with ADHD using 9-years longitudinal data (from T1:2009-2011 to T3:2018-2019) with three time points from a clinical health survey compared to two age-matched reference population-based samples. Mixed-effect logistic regression and binary linear regression were used to estimate the probability for chronic and multisite pain at each time point and to compare the prevalence of chronic pain with the reference populations.

Relative Age and Psychotropic Drug Use in Preterm and Term-Born Children and Young Adults.

Background And Objectives: Being among the youngest within a school class is linked to disadvantages in various educational and mental health domains. This study aimed to investigate whether preterm born infants are particularly vulnerable to relative age effects on mental health, not previously studied.

Methods: We used registry data on all Norwegians born between 1989 and 1998 to compare prescription status for psychostimulants, antidepressants, hypnotics, anxiolytics, and antipsychotics per year from age 10 to 23 years (2004-2016) between exposure groups with different time of birth in the year (relative age) and different gestational age (preterm versus term).

High-precision inversion of dynamic radiography using hydrodynamic features.

While radiography is routinely used to probe complex, evolving density fields in research areas ranging from materials science to shock physics to inertial confinement fusion and other national security applications, complications resulting from noise, scatter, complex beam dynamics, etc. prevent current methods of reconstructing density from being accurate enough to identify the underlying physics with sufficient confidence. In this work, we show that using only features that are robustly identifiable in radiographs and combining them with the underlying hydrodynamic equations of motion using a machine learning approach of a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) provides a new and effective approach to determine density fields from a dynamic sequence of radiographs.

Local models for scatter estimation and descattering in polyenergetic X-ray tomography.

We propose a new modeling approach for scatter estimation and descattering in polyenergetic X-ray computed tomography (CT) based on fitting models to local neighborhoods of a training set. X-ray CT is widely used in medical and industrial applications. X-ray scatter, if not accounted for during reconstruction, creates a loss of contrast in CT reconstructions and introduces severe artifacts including cupping, shading, and streaks.

Association of Preterm Birth With Prescription of Psychotropic Drugs in Adolescence and Young Adulthood.

Importance: Individuals born preterm have increased risk of mental health impairment compared with individuals born at term. The associations between preterm birth and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism are well established; for depression, anxiety, psychotic and bipolar disorder, studies show divergent results.

Objective: To compare the prescription of psychotropic drugs in adolescence and young adulthood between those born preterm and those born at term.

Correlation Between Baseline GFR and Subsequent Change in GFR in Norwegian Adults Without Diabetes and in Pima Indians.

Rationale & Objective: An elevated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), or renal hyperfiltration, may predispose individuals to subsequent rapid GFR decline in diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Although this hypothesis is supported by results of experimental studies, the importance of hyperfiltration at the population level remains controversial. We investigated whether higher baseline GFR predicts a steeper decline in GFR.

Office and Ambulatory Heart Rate as Predictors of Age-Related Kidney Function Decline.

The decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) associated with aging is one of the most important predisposing causes of kidney failure in old age. Identifying persons at risk for accelerated GFR decline is an essential first step in the development of preventive measures to preserve kidney function in the elderly. Heart rate (HR) has not yet been studied as a risk factor for GFR decline in the general population.

Mild Albuminuria Is a Risk Factor for Faster GFR Decline in the Nondiabetic Population.

Introduction: A minimal increase in the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) predicts cardiovascular disease and mortality, but whether it predicts kidney function loss in nondiabetic persons is unclear. We investigated the association between ACR in the optimal or high-normal range and the rate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline in a cohort from the general population without diabetes, cardiovascular, or chronic kidney disease.

Methods: In the Renal Iohexol Clearance Survey, we measured GFR using iohexol clearance in 1567 middle-aged nondiabetic individuals with an ACR <3.

Urinary Markers of Oxidative Stress Are Associated With Albuminuria But Not GFR Decline.

Introduction: Markers of oxidative stress increase with age and are prevalent with chronic kidney disease. However, the role of oxidative stress markers as predictors for kidney function decline in the general population is unclear.

Methods: We investigated whether a baseline urinary excretion of oxidative DNA damage (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine [8-oxodG]) and oxidative RNA damage (8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine [8-oxoGuo]) was associated with the age-related glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline or incident low-grade albuminuria during a median of 5.

Metabolic syndrome but not obesity measures are risk factors for accelerated age-related glomerular filtration rate decline in the general population.

Rapid age-related glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline increases the risk of end-stage renal disease, and a low GFR increases the risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease. High body mass index and the metabolic syndrome are well-known risk factors for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease, but their role in accelerating age-related GFR decline independent of cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes is not adequately understood. We studied body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and metabolic syndrome as risk factors for accelerated GFR decline in 1261 middle-aged people representative of the general population without diabetes, cardiovascular disease or kidney disease.

Blood pressure and age-related GFR decline in the general population.

Background: Hypertension is one of the most important causes of end-stage renal disease, but it is unclear whether elevated blood pressure (BP) also accelerates the gradual decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) seen in the general population with increasing age. The reason may be that most studies have considered only baseline BP and not the effects of changes in BP, antihypertensive treatment and other determinants of GFR during follow-up. Additionally, the use of GFR estimated from creatinine or cystatin C instead of measurements of GFR may have biased the results because of influence from non-GFR related confounders.

High Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index Is an Independent Risk Factor for Rapid Age-Related Glomerular Filtration Rate Decline in the General Middle-Aged Population.

Arterial stiffness is a risk factor for cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. However, the role of arterial stiffness as a predictor of the age-related glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline in the general population remains unresolved because of difficulty in measuring GFR with sufficient precision in epidemiological studies. The ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) is a proposed indicator of arterial stiffness easily calculated from ambulatory blood pressure.

Association of TNF Receptor 2 and CRP with GFR Decline in the General Nondiabetic Population.

Background And Objectives: Higher levels of inflammatory markers have been associated with renal outcomes in diabetic populations. We investigated whether soluble TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were associated with the age-related GFR decline in a nondiabetic population using measured GFR (mGFR).

Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: A representative sample of 1590 middle-aged people from the general population without prevalent kidney disease, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease were enrolled in the Renal Iohexol-Clearance Survey in Tromsø 6 (RENIS-T6) between 2007 and 2009.

Central obesity associates with renal hyperfiltration in the non-diabetic general population: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Obesity is a risk factor for end-stage renal disease. Renal hyperfiltration, defined as an abnormally high glomerular filtration rate (GFR), is a link in the causal chain between diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Whether obesity is associated with hyperfiltration in the non-diabetic general population, remains unresolved due to a lack of consensus regarding the definition of hyperfiltration and the limited precision of high-range GFR estimations with creatinine and/or cystatin C.

Association of Increasing GFR with Change in Albuminuria in the General Population.

Background And Objectives: Hyperfiltration at the single-nephron level has been proposed as an early stage of kidney dysfunction of different origins. Evidence supporting this hypothesis in humans is lacking, because there is no method of measuring single-nephron GFR in humans. However, increased whole-kidney GFR in the same individual implies an increased single-nephron GFR, because the number of nephrons does not increase with age.

Elevated blood pressure is not associated with accelerated glomerular filtration rate decline in the general non-diabetic middle-aged population.

Although hypertension is a risk factor for end-stage renal disease, this complication develops in only a minority of hypertensive patients. Whether non-malignant hypertension itself is sufficient to cause reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is unclear. Therefore, we investigated whether elevated blood pressure (BP) was associated with accelerated GFR decline in the general population.

Prediabetes and Risk of Glomerular Hyperfiltration and Albuminuria in the General Nondiabetic Population: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: The role of prediabetes as a risk factor for hyperfiltration and albuminuria in persons who do not develop diabetes is unclear. The lack of evidence is mainly due to the difficulty of accurately assessing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the near-normal range of GFR. We investigated whether prediabetes is an independent risk factor for glomerular hyperfiltration and high-normal urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) using measured GFR (mGFR) rather than estimated GFR.

Residual Associations of Inflammatory Markers with eGFR after Accounting for Measured GFR in a Community-Based Cohort without CKD.

Background And Objectives: eGFR on the basis of creatinine (eGFRcre) associates differently with cardiovascular disease and mortality than eGFR on the basis of cystatin C (eGFRcys). This may be related to risk factors affecting the level of creatinine and cystatin C along non-GFR pathways, which may confound the association between eGFR and outcome. Nontraditional risk factors are usually not measured in epidemiologic studies of eGFR and cannot be adjusted for to reduce confounding.

What Predicts a Good Adolescent to Adult Transition in ADHD? The Role of Self-Reported Resilience.

Objective: ADHD is a disorder associated with impairment and comorbid psychiatric problems in young adulthood; therefore, factors that may imply a more favorable outcome among adolescents with ADHD are of interest.

Method: This study used a longitudinal design to assess whether adolescent personal resilience characteristics during adolescence protected against psychosocial impairment, depression, and anxiety 3 years later. Self-reported protective factors were used as baseline measures in the assessment of 190 clinically referred adolescents with ADHD.

Improved quality of life among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is mediated by protective factors: a cross sectional survey.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the role of protective factors as mediators and/or moderators of the relationship between coexisting emotional and conduct problems and quality of life (QoL) among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods: The sample consisted of 194 adolescents with ADHD. Participants completed measures of individual competencies, family cohesion and social support, and QoL.

Estimated GFR is biased by non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

Background: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on either cystatin C or creatinine performs similarly in estimating measured GFR, but associate differently with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. This could be due to confounding by non-GFR-related traits associated with cystatin C and creatinine levels. We investigated non-GFR-related associations between eGFR and two types of nontraditional risk factors for CVD and death: L-arginine/dimethylarginine metabolism and insulin resistance.

The Impact of Coexisting Emotional and Conduct Problems on Family Functioning and Quality of Life Among Adolescents With ADHD.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of self-reported emotional and conduct problems on family functioning and quality of life (QoL) among adolescents with ADHD.

Method: The ADHD group (N = 194) was divided into the following groups: without additional emotional or conduct problems, with emotional problems, with conduct problems, and with both problem types. The cross-sectional study included parent and adolescent reports.

Vascular compliance limits during sleep deprivation and recovery sleep.

Study Objectives: Our previous studies showed that evoked hemodynamic responses are smaller during wake compared to sleep; suggesting neural activity is associated with vascular expansion and decreased compliance. We explored whether prolonged activity during sleep deprivation may exacerbate vascular expansion and blunt hemodynamic responses.

Design: Evoked auditory responses were generated with periodic 65 dB speaker clicks over a 72-h period and measured with cortical electrodes.