Selenium Disulfide from Sustainable Resources: An Example of "Redneck" Chemistry with a Pinch of Salt.

Selenium disulfide (often referred to as SeS) encompasses a family of mixed selenium-sulfide eight-membered rings, traditionally used as an anti-dandruff agent in shampoos. SeS can be produced by reacting hydrogen sulfide (HS) with selenite (SeO) under acidic conditions. This chemistry is also possible with natural spring waters that are rich in HS, thus providing an avenue for the more sustainable, green production of high-quality SeS particles from an abundant natural source.

International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of Nonrodent Ocular Tissues.

The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions) Project (www.toxpath.org/ inhand.

Optimizing hexanoic acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo production of olivetolic acid.

Medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are valuable platform compounds for the production of biotechnologically relevant chemicals such as biofuels and biochemicals. Two distinct pathways have been implemented in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the biosynthetic production of MCFAs: (i) the mutant fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) pathway in which the fatty acid synthase (FAS) complex is mutated and (ii) a heterologous multispecies-derived reverse β-oxidation (rBOX) pathway. Hexanoic acid has become of great interest as its acyl-CoA ester, hexanoyl-CoA, is required for the biosynthesis of olivetolic acid (OA), a cannabinoid precursor.

Enhancing Motivation to Reduce Restrictive Eating: A Novel Approach.

Objective: Despite growing interest in leveraging motivational techniques to address restrictive eating, it is not yet clear how to most effectively promote motivation to reduce this behavior. Drawing from a behavioral economic framework, the present study evaluates a novel approach for increasing motivation to address disordered eating by amplifying the potential benefits of reducing dietary restriction and the consequences of maintaining disordered behaviors.

Method: A sample of 126 undergraduate students engaging in restrictive eating participated in a 7-day online experiment.

Modeling carbon dynamics from a heterogeneous watershed in the mid-Atlantic USA: A distributed-calibration and independent verification (DCIV) approach.

The terrestrial ecosystem plays a vital role in regulating regional and global carbon budgets. Ecosystem models are extensively employed to estimate carbon fluxes across different spatial scales. However, there remains a need to reduce the uncertainties associated with model parameterization and input data.

Overcoming challenges of prescribing long-term opioid therapy in residency clinics.

Objectives: To describe the impact of a standardized opioid prescribing intervention when implemented in three family medicine (FM) residency training - clinics-environments that face operational challenges including regular resident turnover.

Design: We performed a retrospective cohort study to compare patterns of long-term opioid prescribing between residency and nonresidency clinics.

Setting: This study took place within a large, academic, health system.

[The LittlEARS® Auditory Questionnaire : An analysis of multicentre data of children after early bilateral cochlear implant placement].

Background: In order to optimise the support of children with cochlear implants (CI), it is very important to detect slow developmental processes as early as possible. Data from the LittlEARS® Auditory Questionnaire (LEAQ) from children with early bilateral CI are evaluated and presented in relation to age and hearing age and compared with language development data recorded later.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective multicentre study included data from a total of 554 children for whom at least one LEAQ was completed during the course of CI rehabilitation.

Role of Inflammation and the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Hirschsprung's Disease.

Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR, incidence 1/5000 live births) is caused by the failure of neural crest-derived precursors to migrate, survive, proliferate, or differentiate during the embryonic development of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS), which could be disrupted by many factors, including inflammatory processes. The NF-κB family controls several biological processes, including inflammation, neurogenesis, and cell migration. With the aim of studying the potential role of NF-κB in HSCR, we have analyzed the expression of the NF-κB main subunits and other NF-κB-related genes by RT-qPCR in HSCR tissue samples (sub-divided into ganglionic and aganglionic segments).

Use of Cosmetics in Pregnancy and Neurotoxicity: Can It Increase the Risk of Congenital Enteric Neuropathies?

Pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable period for the growing fetus, when exposure to toxic agents, especially in the early phases, can decisively harm embryo development and compromise the future health of the newborn. The inclusion of various chemical substances in personal care products (PCPs) and cosmetic formulations can be associated with disruption and damage to the nervous system. Microplastics, benzophenones, parabens, phthalates and metals are among the most common chemical substances found in cosmetics that have been shown to induce neurotoxic mechanisms.

Fitting parameters in children with cochlear implants and severe additional disabilities.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the fitting data of children with Cochlear implants (CI) and severe additional disabilities (CAD) differ compared to children with CI but without additional disabilities (CnonAD).

Methods: In this retrospective analysis, 76 CI cases (fitted ears) from CAD were included and matched with 76 cases from CnonAD. The subjective set values, such as pulse width (PW), threshold (T) and most comfortable (MC) levels were recorded.

Myeloid cell-derived interleukin-6 induces vascular dysfunction and vascular and systemic inflammation.

Aims: The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a central role in the inflammation cascade as well as cardiovascular disease progression. Since myeloid cells are a primary source of IL-6 formation, we aimed to generate a mouse model to study the role of myeloid cell-derived IL-6 in vascular disease.

Methods And Results: Interleukin-6-overexpressing (IL-6) mice were generated and crossed with LysM-Cre mice, to generate mice (LysM-IL-6 mice) overexpressing the cytokine in myeloid cells.

CD8 T Cells Drive Plaque Smooth Muscle Cell Dedifferentiation in Experimental Atherosclerosis.

Background: Atherosclerosis is driven by the infiltration of the arterial intima by diverse immune cells and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). CD8 T cells promote lesion growth during atherosclerotic lesion development, but their role in advanced atherosclerosis is less clear. Here, we studied the role of CD8 T cells and their effects on SMCs in established atherosclerosis.

Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Review of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guidance on Pathology Peer Review in Nonclinical Toxicology Studies.

In December 2021, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued the final guidance for industry titled . The stated purpose of the FDA guidance is to provide information to sponsors, applicants, and nonclinical laboratory personnel regarding the management and conduct of histopathology peer review as part of nonclinical toxicology studies conducted in compliance with good laboratory practice (GLP) regulations. On behalf of and in collaboration with global societies of toxicologic pathology and the Society of Quality Assurance, the Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee (SRPC) of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) initiated a review of this FDA guidance.

Intra-arterial delivery of neurospheres into isolated perfused porcine colons: a proof of concept.

Cell replacement in aganglionic intestines is a promising, yet merely experimental tool for the therapy of congenital dysganglionosis of the enteric nervous system like Hirschsprung disease. While the injection of single cells or neurospheres to a defined and very restricted location is trivial, the translation to the clinical application, where large aganglionic or hypoganglionic areas need to be colonized (hundreds of square centimetres), afford a homogeneous distribution of multiple neurospheres all over the affected tissue areas. Reaching the entire aganglionic area is critical for the restoration of peristaltic function.

Quality of Life and Loneliness Among American Military Veterans.

Quality of life and loneliness are closely associated with mental and physical health outcomes. This relationship is particularly important in Veterans who experience elevated rates of disabilities, comorbidities, and chronic health conditions as compared with non-Veterans. In the present project, we use data from the Military Health and Well-Being Project ( n = 1469, 67.

Endothelial PTP1B Deletion Promotes VWF Exocytosis and Venous Thromboinflammation.

Background: Endothelial activation promotes the release of procoagulant extracellular vesicles and inflammatory mediators from specialized storage granules. Endothelial membrane exocytosis is controlled by phosphorylation. We hypothesized that the absence of PTP1B (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B) in endothelial cells promotes venous thromboinflammation by triggering endothelial membrane fusion and exocytosis.

Serum Amyloid A3 Fuels a Feed-Forward Inflammatory Response to the Bacterial Amyloid Curli in the Enteric Nervous System.

Background & Aims: Mounting evidence suggests the gastrointestinal microbiome is a determinant of peripheral immunity and central neurodegeneration, but the local disease mechanisms remain unknown. Given its potential relevance for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention, we set out to map the pathogenic changes induced by bacterial amyloids in the gastrointestinal tract and its enteric nervous system.

Methods: To examine the early response, we challenged primary murine myenteric networks with curli, the prototypical bacterial amyloid, and performed shotgun RNA sequencing and multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.