RAVE checklist: Recommendations for overcoming challenges in retrospective safety studies of automated driving systems.

Objective: The public, regulators, and domain experts alike seek to understand the effect of deployed SAE level 4 automated driving system (ADS) technologies on safety. The recent expansion of ADS technology deployments is paving the way for early stage safety impact evaluations, whereby the observational data from both an ADS and a representative benchmark fleet are compared to quantify safety performance.

Methods: In January 2024; a working group of experts across academia, insurance, and industry came together in Washington, DC to discuss the current and future challenges in performing such evaluations.

Baseline vulnerable road user injury risk in multiple U.S. dense urban driving environments.

Objective: Understanding and modeling baseline driving safety risk in dense urban areas represents a crucial starting point for automated driving system (ADS) safety impact analysis. The purpose of this study was to leverage naturalistic vulnerable road user (VRU) collision data to quantify collision rates, crash severity, and injury risk distributions in the absence of objective injury outcome data.

Methods: From over 500 million vehicle miles traveled, a total of 335 collision events involving VRUs were video verified and reconstructed (126 pedestrians, 144 cyclists, and 65 motorcyclists).

Benchmarks for retrospective automated driving system crash rate analysis using police-reported crash data.

Objectives: With fully automated driving systems (ADS; SAE level 4) ride-hailing services expanding in the U.S., we are now approaching an inflection point in the history of vehicle safety assessment.

Comparison of Waymo rider-only crash data to human benchmarks at 7.1 million miles.

Objectives: This article examines the safety performance of the Waymo Driver, an SAE level 4 automated driving system (ADS) used in a rider-only (RO) ride-hailing application without a human driver, either in the vehicle or remotely.

Methods: ADS crash data were derived from NHTSA's Standing General Order (SGO) reporting over 7.14 million RO miles through the end of October 2023 in Phoenix, Arizona, San Francisco, California, and Los Angeles, California, and compared to human benchmarks from the literature.

Bridging the gap: Mechanistic-based cyclist injury risk curves using two decades of crash data.

Objective: Injury risk curves are vital in quantifying the relative safety consequences of real-world collisions. Previous injury risk curves for bicycle-passenger vehicle crashes have predominantly focused on frontal impacts. This creates a gap in cyclist injury risk assessment for other geometric crash configurations.

Factors influencing postdeployment reintegration adjustment for U.S. service members and their spouses by spouse gender.

Research on spouses' adjustment after military deployment has focused primarily on female spouses of male service members; little is known about how adjustment differs by gender. We used Walsh's family resilience framework to examine communication, belief system, organizational factors, and other stressors, likely associated with postdeployment adjustment. Using Millennium Cohort Family Study data, logistic regressions assessed risk and protective factors on spouses' and service members' time to adjust, exploring whether spouse gender moderated their associations.

Creating a next-generation phenotype library: the health data research UK Phenotype Library.

Objective: To enable reproducible research at scale by creating a platform that enables health data users to find, access, curate, and re-use electronic health record phenotyping algorithms.

Materials And Methods: We undertook a structured approach to identifying requirements for a phenotype algorithm platform by engaging with key stakeholders. User experience analysis was used to inform the design, which we implemented as a web application featuring a novel metadata standard for defining phenotyping algorithms, access via Application Programming Interface (API), support for computable data flows, and version control.

Investigating cognitive-motor effects during slacklining using mobile EEG.

Balancing is a very important skill, supporting many daily life activities. Cognitive-motor interference (CMI) dual-tasking paradigms have been established to identify the cognitive load of complex natural motor tasks, such as running and cycling. Here we used wireless, smartphone-recorded electroencephalography (EEG) and motion sensors while participants were either standing on firm ground or on a slackline, either performing an auditory oddball task (dual-task condition) or no task simultaneously (single-task condition).

The moving wave: Applications of the mobile EEG approach to study human attention.

Although historically confined to traditional research laboratories, electroencephalography (EEG) paradigms are now being applied to study a wide array of behaviors, from daily activities to specialized tasks in diverse fields such as sports science, neurorehabilitation, and education. This transition from traditional to real-world mobile research can provide new tools for understanding attentional processes as they occur naturally. Early mobile EEG research has made progress, despite the large size and wired connections.

Time of day does not impact spinal serotonin levels in humans.

Spinal serotonin enables neuro-motor recovery (i.e., plasticity) in patients with debilitating paralysis.

Discovery of Clinical Candidate NT-0796, a Brain-Penetrant and Highly Potent NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor for Neuroinflammatory Disorders.

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a component of the innate immune system involved in the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, have been shown to have a component driven by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Diseases such as these with large unmet medical needs have resulted in an interest in inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome as a potential pharmacological treatment, but to date, no marketed drugs specifically targeting NLRP3 have been approved.

A system approach to improving guideline-directed therapy for cardio-renal-metabolic conditions: The "beyond diabetes" initiative.

Objective: Despite demonstrating improvements in cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and survival outcomes, guideline-directed antihyperglycemic medications such as sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA), are underutilized. Many obstacles constrain their use including lack of systematic provider and patient education, concern for medication side effects, and patient affordability.

Methods: We designed a multimodality, systems-based approach to address these challenges with the goal of increasing medication utilization across the largest healthcare system in New York State.

Evaluation of the Impact and Outcomes of a Rapid Transition to Telehealth PrEP Delivery at a Sexual Health Clinic During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: Increasing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use is a critical part of ending the HIV epidemic. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many PrEP services transitioned to a telehealth model (telePrEP). This report evaluates the effect of COVID-19 and the addition of telePrEP on delivery of PrEP services at the Denver Sexual Health Clinic (DSHC), a regional sexual health clinic in Denver, CO.

Determination of functional scenarios for intersection collisions.

Introduction: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimated that in 2019, intersection crashes accounted for $179 billion of economic damages and $639 billion in societal damages. Intersection advanced driver assist systems (I-ADASs) and automated driving systems (ADS) are designed and have been actively deployed to avoid or mitigate these intersection crash scenarios. Given the indeterminate parameter space for describing collision scenarios, evaluators, and designers are all challenged with condensing the possible intersection crash configurations into digestible, executable conditions for scenario-based simulation testing.

Buy or Build: Challenges Developing Consumer Digital Health Interventions.

Background: Digital health interventions offer opportunities to improve collaborative care between clinicians and patients. Designing and implementing digital health interventions requires decisions about buying or building each technology-related component, all of which can lead to unanticipated issues.

Objectives: This study aimed to describe issues encountered from our "buy or build" decisions developing two digital health interventions over different timeframes, designed to use patient-generated health data to: (1) improve hypertension control and (2) measure and improve adherence to HIV-related medications.

Passenger and heavy vehicle collisions with pedestrians: Assessment of injury mechanisms and risk.

Objective: Automated Driving System (ADS) fleets are currently being deployed in several dense-urban operational design domains within the United States. In these dense-urban areas, pedestrians have historically comprised a significant portion, and sometimes the majority, of injury and fatal collisions. An expanded understanding of the injury risk in collision events involving pedestrians and human-driven vehicles can inform continued ADS development and safety benefits evaluation.

Outdoor walking: Mobile EEG dataset from walking during oddball task and walking synchronization task.

This article describes a dataset from one standing and two outdoor walking tasks. Each task was performed by the same 18 participants twice, using foot accelerometers and two different EEG system configurations. The first task was a brief eyes open/eyes closed task.

Mobile electroencephalography captures differences of walking over even and uneven terrain but not of single and dual-task gait.

Walking on natural terrain while performing a dual-task, such as typing on a smartphone is a common behavior. Since dual-tasking and terrain change gait characteristics, it is of interest to understand how altered gait is reflected by changes in gait-associated neural signatures. A study was performed with 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) of healthy volunteers, which was recorded while they walked over uneven and even terrain outdoors with and without performing a concurrent task (self-paced button pressing with both thumbs).

Cranial anatomy of the mekosuchine crocodylian Trilophosuchus rackhami Willis, 1993.

One of the best-preserved crocodylian fossil specimens from the Cenozoic of Australia is the holotype of the mekosuchine Trilophosuchus rackhami, from the middle Miocene (13.56 ± 0.67 Ma) Ringtail Site at Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland.

Discovery and Optimization of Triazolopyrimidinone Derivatives as Selective NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitors.

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that facilitates activation and release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 in response to infection or endogenous stimuli. It can be inappropriately activated by a range of danger signals resulting in chronic, low-grade inflammation underlying a multitude of diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, osteoarthritis, and gout. The discovery of potent and specific NLRP3 inhibitors could reduce the burden of several common morbidities.

Activating Empathy Through Art in Cancer Communities.

Background: The Aesthetics of Health (AOH) undergraduate visual art studies course at the University of Texas at Austin aimed to enhance art students' awareness of cancer's impact not only medically but also socially, emotionally, financially, and spiritually and to examine how this experience might impact students' artwork, capacity for empathy, and connection to audience.

Methods: During the spring 2021 semester, the AOH course instructors employed assorted pedagogical methods, including art, illness narrative, and community engagement, in special sessions led by professors, community practice artists, and cancer experts, respectively, as well as oral storytelling by those with lived experience of cancer (ie, cancer patients, posttreatment survivors, and loved ones). For the course's final project, the 15 student-artists created self-selected media works combining health and activism and displayed them in public spaces, including online.

Synchronous Type 3 EVAR Endoleaks at Multiple Sites Following Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

We describe a complication following transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement in a patient who underwent remote endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. This report highlights technical complications to be vigilant of when using intravascular catheterization in patients with previous aneurysm repair while also showcasing synchronous type 3 endoleaks at multiple sites. ().

Stepping in time: Alpha-mu and beta oscillations during a walking synchronization task.

Interpersonal behavioral synchrony is defined as the temporal coordination of action between two or more individuals. Humans tend to synchronize their movements during repetitive movement tasks such as walking. Mobile EEG technology now allows us to examine how this happens during gait.

Localization of Long Noncoding RNA in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Vascular Tissue Using In Situ Hybridization.

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique for the detection of the location of RNA within a tissue of interest. This process uses oligonucleotides with complementary sequences to bind to the target RNA, and colorimetric detection to allow for the visualization of this binding. The process of ISH means that the specific location of the RNA in question can be detected, including in which cell types it is present, and the intracellular location.