The content of the transverse foramen of the seventh cervical vertebra.

In human anatomy, the vertebral artery, in its passage from the subclavian artery to the foramen magnum of the skull, enters the transverse foramina of the vertebral column generally at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra. Nevertheless, even though avoided by the vertebral artery, also the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) contains a transverse foramen. The content of this transverse foramen in C7 has been unclear, with different descriptions found in textbooks and in original literature.

Cadaveric analysis of surgical techniques and working space for retroperitoneal tumors as model for improving resection of neuroblastoma.

Purpose: Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor in children under 5 years, often surrounds visceral arteries. This study aimed to analyze the working space provided by standardized surgical techniques at key arterial landmarks in adult cadavers.

Methods: We assessed in eight adult cadavers the mobilization of the left colon, spleen and pancreas, right colon, duodenum and mesenteric root, access to the bursa omentalis.

Building a vertebra: Development of the amniote sclerotome.

In embryonic development, the vertebral column arises from the sclerotomal compartment of the somites. The sclerotome is a mesenchymal cell mass which can be subdivided into several subpopulations specified by different regulatory mechanisms and giving rise to different parts of the vertebrae like vertebral body, vertebral arch, ribs, and vertebral joints. This review gives a short overview on the molecular and cellular basis of the formation of sclerotomal subdomains and the morphogenesis of their vertebral derivatives.

Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint Kinematics and Elongation of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine if the sphericity of the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint influences the joint's rotational axis (RA) and elongation patterns of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL).

Methods: Ulnar collateral ligament origins and attachments of 28 fresh-frozen cadaveric thumbs were marked with a radiopaque marker. Lateral radiographs were obtained in neutral and 20°, 40°, and 60° of flexion.

Morphometrics of the coronoid process and the radial notch of the ulna: implications for fracture assessment.

Purpose: A comprehensive analysis of the morphology of fractures of the coronoid process (CP) can aid diagnosis and guide treatment. The involvement of the radial notch of the ulna (RN)-e.g.

Anatomical investigations on the upper airway in premature and newborn babies.

Safe intubation of newborns remains a challenge. This investigates the upper airway anatomy of (pre-)term infants was investigated to improve airway management and the development of airway devices. Angles and diameters of both oral and nasal intubation pathways of 22 cadavers of premature and term stillborn infants were measured, relative to their gestational age (GA) and tested for statistical significance.

Development of ribs and intercostal muscles in the chicken embryo.

In the thorax of higher vertebrates, ribs and intercostal muscles play a decisive role in stability and respiratory movements of the body wall. They are derivatives of the somites, the ribs originating in the sclerotome and the intercostal muscles originating in the myotome. During thorax development, ribs and intercostal muscles extend into the lateral plate mesoderm and eventually contact the sternum during ventral closure.

The effect of long calcar screws on the primary stability of 3-part, varus impacted proximal humeral fractures compared to short calcar screws: a real fracture simulation study.

Background: Complex proximal humeral fracture ranks among the most common fracture types, especially in elderly patients. In locked plate fixation of proximal humerus fractures, the calcar is deciding for screws providing further medial column support. To date, the biomechanical effect of the length of these calcar screws is not well known.

Anatomic evaluation of the triceps tendon insertion at the proximal olecranon regarding placement of fracture fixation devices.

Purpose: Olecranon fractures, especially with a small proximal fragment, remain a surgical challenge. Soft tissue irritation and affection of the triceps muscle bear a risk of complications. In order to find an area for a soft-tissue sparing placement of implants in the treatment of olecranon fractures, we aimed to define and measure the segments of the proximal olecranon and evaluate them regarding possible plate placement.

Biomechanical comparison of different fixation methods in metatarsal shaft fractures: A cadaver study.

Background: Various fixation methods are available for the operative treatment of metatarsal shaft fractures: Kirschner wire, Titanium elastic nail, plate, or an intramedullary bone stabilization system within a balloon catheter. The aim of this study was to compare the stability of these techniques.

Methods: 72 metatarsals II to V from fresh frozen human cadaver feet were used.

The role of the brachialis muscle in elbow stability with collateral ligament injury: A biomechanical investigation.

Background: The brachialis muscle lies in close anatomic relation to the anterior capsule of the elbow joint. The contribution of the brachialis muscle to elbow stability has not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, the aim of this biomechanical in-vitro study was to analyze its influence on joint stability.

Finding alternative sites for intraosseous infusions in newborns.

Aim: Intraosseous (IO)-access plays an alternative route during resuscitation. Our study in preterm and term stillborns was performed to find alternative IO puncture sites beside the recommended proximal tibia.

Methods: The cadavers used were legal donations.

The role of the transversal ligament on the atlantoaxial complex - Bending forces at C1/2 flexion limits in the elderly.

Introduction: Biomechanical functionality as well as trauma mechanisms of the atlantoaxial complex are still an issue of controversy. The transverse atlantal ligament is the strongest stabilizator. The present study aimed to analyze the bending forces of the transverse atlantal ligament and of the base of the odontoid in elderly specimens.

Suturing methods in prolapse surgery: a biomechanical analysis.

Introduction: Pelvic organ prolapse is a common problem in urogynecological surgery. Abdominal and laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy is currently considered to be the gold standard of treatment. The main problem remains the anatomical point of fixation as well as how sutures are placed.

Palaeontological evidence reveals convergent evolution of intervertebral joint types in amniotes.

The intervertebral disc (IVD) has long been considered unique to mammals. Palaeohistological sampling of 17 mostly extinct clades across the amniote tree revealed preservation of different intervertebral soft tissue types (cartilage, probable notochord) seen in extant reptiles. The distribution of the fossilised tissues allowed us to infer the soft part anatomy of the joint.

Development of the amniote ventrolateral body wall.

In vertebrates, the trunk consists of the musculoskeletal structures of the back and the ventrolateral body wall, which together enclose the internal organs of the circulatory, digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems. This review gives an overview on the development of the thoracic and abdominal wall during amniote embryogenesis. Specifically, I briefly summarize relevant historical concepts and the present knowledge on the early embryonic development of ribs, sternum, intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles with respect to anatomical bauplan, origin and specification of precursor cells, initial steps of pattern formation, and cellular and molecular regulation of morphogenesis.

Protein expression pattern of the molecular chaperone Mdg1/ERdj4 during embryonic development.

The vertebrate-specific co-chaperone Mdg1/ERdj4, which is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, controls the folding and degradation of proteins. We characterized its protein pattern during chick embryonic development. During early development, Mdg1/ERdj4 protein is present in mesenchymal and epithelial cells.

Anatomical investigation of the segmental vessels for the right-sided anterior surgical approach to the thoracic spine: a human cadaver study.

Purpose: Anterior surgical approaches to the thoracic spine are common procedures for the treatment of many diseases of the thoracic spine. Purpose of this anatomic study is to investigate the course of the segmental vessels of the thoracic spine for the anterior and lateral transthoracic approach from the right side.

Methods: 26 formalin-fixed human cadavers (20 femaless/6 male) with an average age of 84.

The Radioulnar Distance at the Level of the Radial Tuberosity.

Ruptures of the distal biceps brachii tendon are generally treated operatively due to their loss of supination and flexion force. A mechanical impingement at the insertion of the tendon at the radial tuberosity is discussed to play a role in the etiology of this injury. The aim of this study was to present a detailed, three-dimensional anatomical analysis of the radioulnar space at the radial tuberosity.

Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: A Biomechanical Comparison of Superior Capsuloligamentous Complex Reconstruction Techniques and an Interpositional Graft Technique.

Background: Irreparable rotator cuff tears lead to superior translation of the humeral head. Numerous surgical management options are available to treat the condition.

Purpose: To compare superior capsule stability among different types of patch grafting in irreparable rotator cuff tears.

Somite development in the avian tail.

Somites are epithelial segments of the paraxial mesoderm. Shortly after their formation, the epithelial somites undergo extensive cellular rearrangements and form specific somite compartments, including the sclerotome and the myotome, which give rise to the axial skeleton and to striated musculature, respectively. The dynamics of somite development varies along the body axis, but most research has focused on somite development at thoracolumbar levels.

Laparoscopic pectopexy: a follow-up cyclic biomechanical analysis determining time to functional stability.

Introduction: Pectopexy, a laparoscopic method for prolapse surgery, showed promising results in previous transient testing by this group. It was shown that a single suture, yielding an ultimate load of 35 N, was equivalent to continuous suturing. This was demonstrated in an in vitro cadaver study.

Peroneal nerve location at the fibular head: an anatomic study using 3D imaging.

Introduction: Injuries to the peroneal nerve are a common complication in operative treatment of proximal tibial or fibular fractures. To minimize the risk of iatrogenic injury to the nerve, detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the peroneal nerve is essential. Aim of this study was to present a detailed description of the position and branching of the peroneal nerve based on 3D-images to assist preparation for surgical approaches to the fibular head and the tibial plateau.

The dominant nutrient foramen at the clavicular midshaft: an anatomical study.

Background: The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence and topography of the dominant nutrient foramen at the clavicle.

Methods: 317 macerated human clavicles (167 right and 150 left) were available for the study. After detecting the dominant nutrient foramen, the total distance from the sternal surface to the examined nutrient foramen was measured.