Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer: Results of a Survey of Hospital Patients.

Introduction: Several risk factors have been identified in the occurrence of bladder cancer. These include genetic and hereditary factors, smoking and tobacco use, increased body mass index, occupational exposure to certain chemicals and dyes, medical conditions such as chronic cystitis and infectious diseases such as schistosomiasis. This study aimed to evaluate risk factors in patients with bladder cancer.

Voided urine test to diagnose prostate cancer: Preliminary report.

Objectives: Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common malignancy affecting elderly male. At present, PCa is estimated using serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Prostate biopsy remains the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis of PCa.

5-ALA-Induced Fluorescent Cytology in the Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer-a Preliminary Report.

5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced fluorescence cystoscopy has established itself in the detection of flat and/or small lesions. This is explained by the simple fact that there is increased uptake of ALA, altered activity of certain enzymes, and altered intracellular redistribution and storage of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) in the malignant cells. Intracellular PPIX allows red fluorescence detection.

Therapeutic ureteroscopy for urolithiasis in children younger than 60 months of age.

Purpose: The management of urinary tract calculi has evolved dramatically in children with the development of smaller and more durable endoscopic equipment. The indications for therapeutic ureteroscopy in children have significantly expanded with the availability of smaller caliber endoscopes and Holmium:YAG laser. In this paper, we review our experience of the management of urolithiasis and report outcomes of therapeutic ureterorenoscopy (URS) in children younger than 60 months.

Comparison of urinary amino acid excretory pattern in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic healthy controls at a tertiary referral hospital in India.

Aim: Specific amino acids have been linked to regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells; on the contrary, increased concentration of certain amino acids is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nowadays, urine as a biological sample has attracted more attention for diagnosis of disease for its special superiority; insufficient research in the study of urinary amino acid (UAA) pattern in patients with T2DM has led to the present study with the aim to determine the levels of UAAs, their excretory patterns and the association of UAA to plasma glucose and IR in patients with T2DM.

Methods: Quantification of total urinary amino acids was done spectrophotometrically and the patterns of amino acid excretion was elucidated by thin layer chromatography technique.