[Investigation of Improvement Items Based on Students' Perspectives on Practical Training for Raising Pharmaceutical Problem-solving Capability at Pharmacies].

Experience-based clinical training has been introduced in long-term practical training at pharmacies in Japan. Satisfaction and motivation of pharmacy students differs among pharmacies; however, the underlying causes of the differences are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate items for improvement for long-term practical training for raising pharmaceutical problem-solving capability at pharmacies based on students' perspectives.

Short-term outcomes of coaxial microincision cataract surgery for uveitis-associated cataract without postoperative systemic steroid therapy.

Purpose: To study the necessity of prophylactic systemic steroid therapy after coaxial microincision cataract surgery (MICS) conducted in aged patients during remission of uveitis.

Procedures: A total of 17 consecutive patients who underwent MICS were enrolled in this retrospective study. The median age was 73 years.

Total synthesis of (±)-carquinostatin a, and asymmetric total synthesis of (R)-(-)-carquinostatin a and (s)-(+)-carquinostatin a.

Total syntheses of (±)-carquinostatin A (1), and (R)-(-)-carquinostatin A (1a) together with its enantiomer, (S)-(+)-carquinostatin A (1b), possessing radical scavenging activity, were newly achieved. (±)-Carquinostatin A (1) was synthesized from 1-acetonyl-6-bromo-3-ethoxy-2-methylcarbazole (6), which was derived from the known 1-acetonyl-3-ethoxy-2-methylcarbazole (5). Introduction of a prenyl group at the 6-position of carbazole was successful in two steps.

Non-aspiration technique to induce posterior vitreous detachment in minimum incision vitrectomy system.

Complete removal of the posterior hyaloid is an important procedure in vitrectomy for various vitreoretinal disorders. Although posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) can be usually induced by active aspiration of vitreous gel, it is difficult in cases where the posterior hyaloid attaches tightly to the retina, especially in minimum incision vitrectomy systems (MIVS) due to the smaller apertures of the instruments. We describe a novel technique of creating PVD without aspiration.