Classifying Race in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Potential Disparities: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Although racial disparities have been described in resuscitation, little is known about potential bias in race classification of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults treated by emergency medical services (EMS) for nontraumatic OHCA in King County, WA between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2021. We assessed agreement using κ and evaluated patterns of missingness between EMS-assessed race versus comprehensive race classification from hospital and death records.

Associations Between Walking Pace, APOE-ε4 Genotype, and Brain Health in Middle-Aged to Older Adults.

Poor physical function and possession of the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are each associated with increased dementia risk, but it is unclear how these exposures interact to influence brain health. Purpose: To investigate whether self-reported walking pace (a marker of physical function) and the presence of APOE-ε4 allele interact to modify brain health outcomes. Methods: We used data from a prospective cohort study of middle-aged to older adults from the UK Biobank who self-reported walking pace (slow or steady-to-brisk), and who were initially free of dementia (n = 415,110).

Exaptation of an evolutionary constraint enables behavioural control over the composition of secreted venom in a giant centipede.

Venoms are biochemical arsenals that have emerged in numerous animal lineages, where they have co-evolved with morphological and behavioural traits for venom production and delivery. In centipedes, venom evolution is thought to be constrained by the morphological complexity of their venom glands due to physiological limitations on the number of toxins produced by their secretory cells. Here we show that the uneven toxin expression that results from these limitations have enabled Scolopendra morsitans to regulate the composition of their secreted venom despite the lack of gross morphologically complex venom glands.

Beyond the here and now: hunter-gatherer socio-spatial complexity and the evolution of language.

Human evolutionary ecology stands to benefit by integrating theory and methods developed in movement ecology, and in turn, to make contributions to the broader field of movement ecology by leveraging our species' distinct attributes. In this paper, we review data and evolutionary models suggesting that major changes in socio-spatial behaviour accompanied the evolution of language. To illustrate and explore these issues, we present a comparison of GPS measures of the socio-spatial behaviour of Hadza hunter-gatherers of northern Tanzania to those of olive baboons (), a comparatively small-brained primate that is also savanna-adapted.

Associations between accelerometer-derived sedentary behavior and physical activity with white matter hyperintensities in middle-aged to older adults.

Introduction: We examined the relationship between sedentary behavior (SB), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes, a common magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) marker associated with risk of neurodegenerative disease in middle-aged to older adults.

Methods: We used data from the UK Biobank ( = 14,415; 45 to 81 years) that included accelerometer-derived measures of SB and MVPA, and WMH volumes from MRI.

Results: Both MVPA and SB were associated with WMH volumes (β= -0.

Predicting Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the General Population Using Electronic Health Records.

Background: The majority of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) occur among individuals in the general population, for whom there is no established strategy to identify risk. In this study, we assess the use of electronic health record (EHR) data to identify OHCA in the general population and define salient factors contributing to OHCA risk.

Methods: The analytical cohort included 2366 individuals with OHCA and 23 660 age- and sex-matched controls receiving health care at the University of Washington.

Inflammation, endothelial injury, and the acute respiratory distress syndrome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is often seen in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We aim to test whether inflammatory or endothelial injury markers are associated with the development of ARDS in patients hospitalized after OHCA.

Methods: We conducted a prospective, cohort, pilot study at an urban academic medical center in 2019 that included a convenience sample of adults with non-traumatic OHCA.

Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: The Role of the Telecommunicator in Recognition of Cardiac Arrest and Delivery of Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

Background: Telecommunicator CPR (T-CPR), whereby emergency dispatch facilitates cardiac arrest recognition and coaches CPR over the telephone, is an important strategy to increase early recognition and bystander CPR in adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Little is known about this treatment strategy in the pediatric population. We investigated the role of T-CPR and related performance among pediatric OHCA.

A retrospective study on machine learning-assisted stroke recognition for medical helpline calls.

Advanced stroke treatment is time-dependent and, therefore, relies on recognition by call-takers at prehospital telehealth services to ensure fast hospitalisation. This study aims to develop and assess the potential of machine learning in improving prehospital stroke recognition during medical helpline calls. We used calls from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2020 in Copenhagen to develop a machine learning-based classification pipeline.

Wolf Creek XVII part 3: Automated cardiac arrest diagnosis.

Introduction: Automated cardiac arrest diagnosis offers the possibility to significantly shorten the interval between onset of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and notification of EMS, providing the opportunity for earlier resuscitation and possibly increased survival.

Methods: Automated cardiac arrest diagnosis was one of six focus topics for the Wolf Creek XVII Conference held on June 14-17 2023 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Conference invitees included international thought leaders and scientists in the field of cardiac arrest resuscitation from academia and industry.

Overdose and mortality risk following a non-fatal opioid overdose treated by Emergency Medical Services in King County, Washington.

Background: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) agencies respond to hundreds of thousands of acute overdose events each year. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of EMS patients who survived a prior opioid overdose in 2019-2021 in King County, Washington.

Methods: A novel record linkage algorithm was applied to EMS electronic health records and the state vital statistics registry to identify repeat overdoses and deaths that occurred up to 3 years following the index opioid overdose.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: An individual patient data meta-analysis.

Aim: Prior studies have reported increased out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) incidence and lower survival during the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated how the COVID-19 pandemic affected OHCA incidence, bystander CPR rate and patients' outcomes, accounting for regional COVID-19 incidence and OHCA characteristics.

Methods: Individual patient data meta-analysis of studies which provided a comparison of OHCA incidence during the first pandemic wave (COVID-period) with a reference period of the previous year(s) (pre-COVID period).

Association of small adult ventilation bags with return of spontaneous circulation in out of hospital cardiac arrest.

Introduction: Little is known about the impact of tidal volumes delivered by emergency medical services (EMS) to adult patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). A large urban EMS system changed from standard adult ventilation bags to small adult bags. We hypothesized that the incidence of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at the end of EMS care would increase after this change.

Lifestyle and patterns of physical activity in Hadza foragers.

Objectives: Physically active lifestyles are associated with several health benefits. Physical activity (PA) levels are low in post-industrial populations, but generally high throughout life in subsistence populations. The Hadza are a subsistence-oriented foraging population in Tanzania known for being physically active, but it is unknown how recent increases in market integration may have altered their PA patterns.

Sedentary Behavior and Incident Dementia Among Older Adults.

Importance: Sedentary behavior is associated with cardiometabolic disease and mortality, but its association with dementia is unclear.

Objective: To investigate whether accelerometer-assessed sedentary behavior is associated with incident dementia.

Design, Setting, And Participants: A retrospective study of prospectively collected data from the UK Biobank including 49 841 adults aged 60 years or older without a diagnosis of dementia at the time of wearing the wrist accelerometer and living in England, Scotland, or Wales.

Prehospital Administration of Norepinephrine and Epinephrine for Shock after Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest.

Introduction: Shock after resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is often treated with vasopressors. We examined whether infusion of epinephrine versus norepinephrine was associated with prehospital rearrest and neurologically favorable survival among OHCA patients.

Methods: This retrospective study included OHCA cases in Seattle, Washington from 2014-2021 who had return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) followed by vasopressor infusion.

THE COMPENSATORY RESERVE INDEX FOR PREDICTING HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN PREHOSPITAL TRAUMA.

Background: The compensatory reserve index (CRI) is a noninvasive, continuous measure designed to detect intravascular volume loss. CRI is derived from the pulse oximetry waveform and reflects the proportion of physiologic reserve remaining before clinical hemodynamic decompensation. Methods: In this prospective, observational, prehospital cohort study, we measured CRI in injured patients transported by emergency medical services (EMS) to a single Level I trauma center.

Metronome use improves achievement of a target compression rate in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A retrospective analysis.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate chest compression rates (CCR) with and without the use of a metronome during treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort investigation of non-traumatic OHCA cases treated by Seattle Fire Department from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2019. The exposure was a metronome running during CPR at a rate of 110 beats per minute.

Response to Comment on "The lower Cambrian lobopodian resolves the origin of euarthropod brains".

Budd . challenge the identity of neural traces reported for the Cambrian lobopodian Their argumentation is unsupported, as are objections with reference to living Onychophora that misinterpret established genomic, genetic, developmental, and neuroanatomical evidence. Instead, phylogenetic data corroborate the finding that the ancestral panarthropod head and brain is unsegmented, as in .