Systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection in restraint stressed mice modulates impaired immune response resulting in improved behavioral activities.

Stress leads to immune malfunction and increased susceptibility to infection resulting in impaired cognitive behavior and depression. Working with an animal model of Staphylococcus aureus infection and restraint stress we demonstrated impaired immune response and altered behavior against the S. aureus infection after exposure to acute or chronic restraint stress.

In vitro susceptibility of a penicillin-resistant and tolerable isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae to combination therapy.

Introduction: Preference for combination therapy to treat infection due to multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae (MDRSP) has not been well elucidated in previous studies.

Methodology: In the present study, 19 antibiotics in combinations were tested against an MDRSP isolate.

In Vitro Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Ciprofloxacin or Azithromycin in Staphylococcus aureus-Stimulated Murine Macrophages are Beneficial in the Presence of Cytochalasin D.

We hypothesized that if internalization of Staphylococcus aureus could be blocked by using cytochalasin D (an inhibitor of phagocytosis and phagolysosome fusion), then the intracellular entry and survival of the pathogen in host's phagocytic cells recruited to the inflammatory site can be restricted. At the same time, if we use antimicrobial agents (e.g.

Levofloxacin-ceftriaxone combination attenuates lung inflammation in a mouse model of bacteremic pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae via inhibition of cytolytic activities of pneumolysin and autolysin.

In this study, our objective was to determine whether a synergistic antimicrobial combination in vitro would be beneficial in the downregulation of pneumococcal virulence genes and whether the associated inflammation of the lung tissue induced by multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in vivo needs to be elucidated in order to consider this mode of therapy in case of severe pneumococcal infection. We investigated in vivo changes in the expression of these virulence determinants using an efficacious combination determined in previous studies. BALB/c mice were infected with 10(6) CFU of bacteria.

Combination therapy with ampicillin and azithromycin in an experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is bactericidal and effective in down regulating inflammation in mice.

Objectives: Emergence of multidrug resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP), has limited the available options used to treat infections caused by this organism. The objective of this study was to compare the role of monotherapy and combination therapy with ampicillin (AMP) and azithromycin (AZM) in eradicating bacterial burden and down regulating lung inflammation in a murine experimental pneumococcal infection model.

Methods: Balb/C mice were infected with 106 CFU of SP.

Increased resistance of immobilized-stressed mice to infection: correlation with behavioral alterations.

Immobilization is an easy and convenient method to induce both psychological and physical stress resulting in restricted motility and aggression and is believed to be the most severe type of stress in rodent models. Although it has been generally accepted that chronic stress often results in immunosuppression while acute stress has been shown to enhance immune responses, the effects of IS on the host resistance to Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection and associated behavioral changes are still not clear.