Sulfated xylogalactofucans from Spatoglossum asperum: Production, structural features and antiviral activity.

In cultured cells, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infectivity is successfully inhibited by sulfated polysaccharides. Herein, we utilized an amalgamated extraction-sulfation procedure to produce two xylogalactofucan sulfates (S203 and S204) from Spatoglossum asperum using ClSOH.Pyr/DMF and SO.

Anti-respiratory syncytial virus and anti-herpes simplex virus activity of chemically engineered sulfated fucans from Cystoseira indica.

Seaweed polysaccharides, particularly sulfated ones, exhibited potent antiviral activity against a wide variety of enveloped viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and respiratory viruses. Different mechanisms of action were suggested, which may range from preventing infection to intracellular antiviral activity, at different stages of the viral cycle. Herein, we generated two chemically engineered sulfated fucans (C303 and C304) from Cystoseira indica by an amalgamated extraction-sulfation procedure using chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine/N,N-dimethylformamide and sulfur trioxide-pyridine/N,N-dimethylformamide reagents, respectively.

Chemically modified galactans of Grateloupia indica: From production to in vitro antiviral activity.

Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) have an affinity for heparan sulfate proteoglycans on cell surfaces, which is a determinant for virus entry. Herein, several sulfated galactans that mimic the active domain of the entry receptor were employed to prevent HSV infection. They were produced from Grateloupia indica using chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine (ClSOH.

Synthesis, molecular features and biological activities of modified plant polysaccharides.

Plant polysaccharides represent a natural source material characterized by high ubiquity, abundance and biological activities that can be utilised as organic matter in numerous manufacturing processes including pharmaceutical. The goal-oriented modification of polysaccharides by chemical reactions brings about a substantial refinement in their molecular features and biological activity. An improved understanding of the intrinsic molecular features of plant polysaccharides, as well as the structure-activity relationship eventually caused by chemical alterations, may be fundamental for the development of technologies supporting their biomedical oriented exploitation.

Antiviral Strategies Using Natural Source-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharides in the Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Major Human Pathogenic Viruses.

Only a mere fraction of the huge variety of human pathogenic viruses can be targeted by the currently available spectrum of antiviral drugs. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has highlighted the urgent need for molecules that can be deployed quickly to treat novel, developing or re-emerging viral infections. Sulfated polysaccharides are found on the surfaces of both the susceptible host cells and the majority of human viruses, and thus can play an important role during viral infection.

The heparin-mimicking arabinogalactan sulfates from Anogeissus latifolia gum: Production, structures, and anti-herpes simplex virus activity.

Herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) attaches to cell surface heparan sulfate aiming to enter into susceptible cells. In this work, we utilized a sulfur trioxide-pyridine in N,N-dimethylformamide (SO·Pyr/DMF) based amalgamated extraction-sulfation procedure for producing arabinogalactan sulfates from Anogeissus latifolia gum. Chemical, chromatographic, spectroscopic and chemical data revealed that the derived polymers contained varying molecular masses (31-69 kDa) and degrees of sulfation (0.

Chemically sulfated arabinoxylans from Plantago ovata seed husk: Synthesis, characterization and antiviral activity.

Limited options for the treatments of diseases triggered through viral infections revealed the quest for novel antiviral drugs. Polysaccharide sulfates owing to their unique mode of action are prominent antiviral drug candidates. Herein, the arabinoxylan of Plantago ovata seed husk was simultaneously extracted and chemically sulfated using sulphur trioxide-pyridine reagent in N,N-dimethylformamide solvent (SO⋅Py/DMF).

Exploiting the Amazing Diversity of Natural Source-Derived Polysaccharides: Modern Procedures of Isolation, Engineering, and Optimization of Antiviral Activities.

Naturally occurring polysaccharide sulfates are highly diverse, owning variations in the backbone structure, linkage pattern and stereochemistry, branching diversity, sulfate content and positions of sulfate group(s). These structural characteristics bring about diverse sulfated polymers with dissimilar negative charge densities and structure-activity relationships. Herein, we start with a short discussion of techniques needed for extraction, purification, chemical sulfation, and structural characterization of polysaccharides.

Isolation, structural features, in vitro antioxidant activity and assessment of complexation ability with β-lactoglobulin of a polysaccharide from fruit.

This research was intended to investigate the structural feature, antioxidative activity and interaction with β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) of a polysaccharide () isolated from fruit thru aqueous extraction, protein elimination and chromatographic techniques. Polysaccharide (molecular weight: 21,000 g mol) was constituted of arabinose, galactose, glucose, and rhamnose in a 50:24:20:6 M ratio alongside 9% (w/w) galacturonic acid. It encompassed a petite backbone entailing galacturonopyranosyl and rhamnopyranosyl units substituted with sizable side chains comprising of arabinofuranosyl, galactopyranosyl and esterified coumaric acid (CA) residues.

Conjugation reaction with ferulic acid boosts the antioxidant property of arabinogalactan-protein and enhances its ability to form complex with β-lactoglobulin.

Ferulic acid was chemically grafted onto the arabinogalactan protein of Aegle marmelos fruit gum using 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole as coupling reagent. Thus, grafted polysaccharides with different degrees of substitution were prepared and then characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography, and ultraviolet-visible, infra-red, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic investigations. Fluorescence spectroscopic investigation showed hydrophobic microdomain formation in grafted polymers.

The heteropolysaccharide of Mangifera indica fruit: Isolation, chemical profile, complexation with β-lactoglobulin and antioxidant activity.

A 91 kDa heteropolysaccharide (F2) was isolated from Mangifera indica fruit via extraction with HO, purification by CHOH, starch removal and ion exchange chromatography. This polymer was made up mostly of Ara, Gal, Glc, Rha, Xyl, and GalA in a 37: 29: 9:3:2:19 molar proportion. It inherited a small backbone containing GalpA and Rhap units substituted with very large side chains containing differently linked Ara and Gal units plus esterified gallic acid (GA) residue.

Assessment of antiherpetic activity of nonsulfated and sulfated polysaccharides from Azadirachta indica.

Azadirachta indica leaf is used by Indian population for the healing of various diseases including viral infection. Herein, we analyzed the antiherpetic (HSV-1) activity of two polysaccharides (P1 and P2) isolated from the leaf of A. indica and their chemically sulfated derivatives (P1S and P2S).

Chemically sulfated polysaccharides from natural sources: Assessment of extraction-sulfation efficiencies, structural features and antiviral activities.

The provisioning of compound libraries with a high degree of diversity and attractive pharmacological properties is a limiting step in drug development. This study reports the production of highly bioactive sulfated polysaccharides, originally present in a nonsulfated, dormant state in natural sources, and demonstrates their antiviral activity (human cytomegalovirus EC values of 2.34-7.

Functional exploration of Pseudoalteromonas atlantica as a source of hemicellulose-active enzymes: Evidence for a GH8 xylanase with unusual mode of action.

To address the need for efficient enzymes exhibiting novel activities towards cell wall polysaccharides, the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas atlantica was selected based on the presence of potential hemicellulases in its annotated genome. It was grown in the presence or not of hemicelluloses and the culture filtrates were screened towards 42 polysaccharides. P.

Polysaccharides from Thymus vulgaris leaf: Structural features, antioxidant activity and interaction with bovine serum albumin.

Thymus vulgaris is used for various health benefits and culinary, nevertheless, report on its macromolecules is absent. Here, we report chemical compositions of the polysaccharides isolated from its leaf by sequential extraction with inorganic solvents. In particular, chemical profile of a unique rhamnogalacturonan I type polysaccharide containing ester linked phenolic acids has been described.

Chemical profile of a polysaccharide from Psidium guajava leaves and it's in vivo antitussive activity.

Decoction of Psidium guajava leaves has been used as medication for chronic coughs and breathlessness for ages. Despite demonstration of antitussive activity, the specific molecule responsible for this remains unidentified. Herein, we report chemical profile and antitussive activity of its water extract (WE) and a polysaccharide (F1) present therein.

Green seaweed Enteromorpha compressa (Chlorophyta, Ulvaceae) derived sulphated polysaccharides inhibit herpes simplex virus.

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) diseases represent a relevant medical and social problem due to their communicability and recurrence following latency. The green algae are rich source of polysaccharides referred to as ulvans, reported as being biologically and pharmacologically active. In this work, we analyzed the activity of seven chemically modified polysaccharides from Enteromorpha compressa (Chlorophyta, Ulvaceae), against HSV.

Structural insight of an antioxidative arabinogalactan protein of Aegle marmelos fruit gum and it's interaction with β-lactoglobulin.

The complication of arabinogalactan protein (AGP) structure, a significant ingredient of gum polysaccharides, not merely hinders the allocation of its role, but restricts its utilization as well. Here, we describe structural details of an AGP purified from Aegle marmelos fruit gum. This AGP (310×10g/mol), which is water-soluble, contains β-1,3-linked galactopyranosyl main chain substituted at O-6 position with side chains containing galactose and arabinose residues.

Additionally sulfated xylomannan sulfates from Scinaia hatei and their antiviral activities.

Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) display affinity for cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans with biological relevance in virus entry. This study demonstrates the potential of chemically engineered sulfated xylomannans from Scinaia hatei as antiHSV drug candidate. Particularly, a dimethylformamide -SO3/pyridine based procedure has been employed for the generation of anionic polysaccharides.

Isolation and structural elements of a water-soluble free radical scavenger from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves.

The leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Oleaceae) are used in Ayurvedic medicine for the management of a range of diseases, but reports on its phytochemicals and pharmacological properties are inadequate. Herein, we report purification of an antioxidative polysaccharide (F2) extracted from its leaves by water.

Isolation and structural features of an antiradical polysaccharide of Capsicum annuum that interacts with BSA.

Red peppers, Capsicum annuum, are used worldwide as spices, foods and medicines. Herein, we have analyzed an antiradical polysaccharide isolated from red peppers through successive acetate buffer extraction. This macromolecule was purified using graded precipitation with ethanol, α-amylase treatment, deproteination and anion-exchange chromatography.

Extracted polysaccharide from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves: chemical and antitussive properties.

The prevalence of cough is reflected in antitussives being one of the most widely used therapies in the world; however no new class of drugs has been introduced into the market for many years. Water decoction of the leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. is used in Indian Ayurvedic system to alleviate a wide range of diseases including cough.

Chemical structure of the arabinogalactan protein from gum ghatti and its interaction with bovine serum albumin.

Exudate gums, because of their beneficial properties, have been significant items of international trade in various industries for centuries. This manuscript sets out to gain insight into the fine structural details of an arabinogalactan protein (AGP) of gum ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia gum). The presence of a highly branched 554 kDa AGP having 1,6-linked Galp, 1,2-linked Manp, 1,3-linked Araf and 1,4-linked GlcpA main chain, substituted at O-4,6 of 1,2-linked Manp, and O-3/O-3,4 of 1,6-linked Galp residues by Araf, Arap and Galp units was revealed by chemical, chromatographic, ESMS, and NMR analyses.

Novel and diverse fine structures in LiCl-DMSO extracted apple hemicelluloses.

Hemicelluloses are key polysaccharides in the regulation of the mechanical properties of plant cell walls during organ development and in fruit texture. Their diverse compositions and structures are partially known, in particular with regard to their function in cell walls. To that end, apple hemicelluloses were sequentially extracted by DMSO doped by LiCl followed by potassium hydroxide.

Interaction with bovine serum albumin of an anti-oxidative pectic arabinogalactan from Andrographis paniculata.

A pectic arabinogalactan was obtained from the leaves of Andrographis paniculata by aqueous extraction followed by α-amylase treatment, deproteination, and anion exchange chromatography. Methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and NMR spectroscopy indicated that it was a highly branched arabinogalactan containing a (1→3)-linked β-d-Galp main chain, substituted at O-6 by (1→6)-linked β-d-Galp side chains. The latter residues were substituted at O-3 by (1→5)- and (1→3)-linked α-l-Araf chains, and non reducing end-units of α-l-Araf and β-d-Galp.