Flow cytometric analysis of Xenopus laevis and X. tropicalis blood cells using acridine orange.

Automated blood cell counters can distinguish cells based on their size and the presence or absence of a nucleus. However, most vertebrates have nucleated blood cells that cannot be counted automatically. We established an alternative automatic method for counting peripheral blood cells by staining cells with the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO) and analysing cell populations using flow cytometry (FCM).

A retrospective, hospital-based study to determine the incidence of rotavirus hospitalizations among children less than 5 years of age over a 10-year period (2001-2011) in Akita prefecture, Japan.

Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide. This retrospective, cross-sectional study was undertaken in a sentinel hospital that provides the only pediatric beds for the local population with an average of 4,400 children aged <5 years and determined the incidence of rotavirus hospitalizations. Medical charts that recorded acute gastroenteritis cases occurring in children aged <5 years living in the cites of Yuri-Honjo or Nikaho, Akita, Japan between 2001 and 2011 were retrieved and examined to enumerate rotavirus antigen-positive hospitalizations.

Asymmetric tandem Michael-aldol reactions between 3-cinnamoyloxazolidine-2-thiones and aldehydes.

Reactions between chiral 3-cinnamoyl-4-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thiones and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of BF3Et2O diastereoselectively produced tricyclic compounds incorporating a bridgehead carbon bound to four heteroatoms in high yields. Four stereocenters were induced during the reaction. The tricyclic products were transformed into propane-1,3-diols bearing three consecutive stereocenters by acid hydrolysis, S-methylation, and reductive removal of the chiral auxiliary.

Chalcogeno-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of enones with acetals: simple alpha-alkoxyalkylation of enones.

1-[2-(Methylsulfanyl)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one (1) and the seleno congener (2) reacted with acetals 3 and 21 in the presence of BF(3).Et(2)O to give alpha-alkoxyalkyl enones 4, 5 and 22, 23 in good yields. When the reaction mixtures were worked up with a saturated NaHCO(3) solution instead of Et(3)N, onium salts 6 and 7 were obtained together with 4 and 5.

Chalcogenide-Lewis acid mediated reactions of electron-deficient alkynes with aldehydes.

Reactions of but-3-yn-2-one (2) with aldehydes 1 in the presence of a Lewis acid and dimethyl sulfide (3 a) predominantly gave (E)-alpha-(halomethylene)aldols 4-5 in high yields, while reactions of methyl propiolate (6 a) mainly afforded (Z)-3-halogeno-2-(hydroxymethyl)acrylates 7-8 in low to moderate yields. A reaction of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (10) with 1 a in the presence of TiCl(4) and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylthiourea (3 c) produced maleate (E)-11 (40 %) and butenolide 12 (40 %). When a reaction of 6 a with 1 a was carried out in the presence of TiBr(4) and 3 a (0.

Novel Perfluoroacyl Olefinations of Aldehydes Using β-Thio-Substituted Perfluoroalkyl Enol Ethers.

α-(Methylthio)- or α-(phenylthio)-substituted perfluoroacylolefinations of nonenolizable aldehydes using the β-lithio-β-thio-perfluoroalkyl enol ethers stereoselectively proceeded to give ()-α,β-unsaturated perfluoroalkyl ketones , , , and . The α-(thio)-α,β-unsaturated trifluoromethyl ketones were easily converted to 3-(thio)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-butadienes and , in moderate to high yields (41-85%).