Evaluation of ChatGPT-Generated Differential Diagnosis for Common Diseases With Atypical Presentation: Descriptive Research.

Background: The persistence of diagnostic errors, despite advances in medical knowledge and diagnostics, highlights the importance of understanding atypical disease presentations and their contribution to mortality and morbidity. Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly generative pre-trained transformers like GPT-4, holds promise for improving diagnostic accuracy, but requires further exploration in handling atypical presentations.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT in generating differential diagnoses for atypical presentations of common diseases, with a focus on the model's reliance on patient history during the diagnostic process.

Hyoro-zeme in the Battle for Tottori Castle: The first description of refeeding syndrome in Japan.

Eating after a period of starvation can cause refeeding syndrome, a fatal condition caused by a shift in fluids and electrolytes that can result in sudden death. The Battle for Tottori Castle (1581) during the Warring States Period of Japan, which witnessed the use of hyoro-zeme, the tactic of intentionally starving a besieged enemy, was followed by a dramatic episode of mass death among starving soldiers not from fighting but from eating; accounts from the period relate that many of the besieged soldiers survived the hyoro-zeme only to die soon afterwards when they were fed immediately after surrendering. We herein reviewed the Japanese historical records of the Battle for Tottori Castle and hypothesized that the hyoro-zeme episode they recount is possibly the oldest description of refeeding syndrome to be documented in Japan.

Cognitive behavioral therapy in perinatal mental health: An overview of systematic reviews.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine whether cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) started in pregnancy can prevent depression and anxiety.

Methods: We conducted an overview review by selecting systematic reviews (SRs) that compared CBT with usual care, no CBT, or interventions other than CBT in perinatal women. We restricted the review to studies that included randomized controlled trials.

Antioxidant activity of a Schiff base of pyridoxal and aminoguanidine.

We recently reported that PL-AG, a Schiff base of pyridoxal and aminoguanidine, was more effective than aminoguanidine (AG), a well-known anti-diabetic-complication compound, in preventing nephropathy in diabetic mice and presented brief data indicating the antioxidant activity of the adduct. In the present study, we additionally investigated the inhibitory activity of PL-AG in comparison with that of AG against in vitro and in vivo oxidation. PL-AG was more potent than AG and reference compounds such as pyridoxal and pyridoxamine in any of the five antioxidant activities examined in vitro, i.