"Racial mortality inversion": Black-white disparities in mortality among people experiencing homelessness in the United States.

Disparities in mortality between Black and White people have long been observed. These disparities persist at all income levels. However, similar patterns in racial mortality disparities are not observed among people experiencing homelessness.

Deaths of profound despair: A retrospective cohort study of mortality among people experiencing homelessness.

Introduction: The number of people dying while unhoused is increasing nationally. In Santa Clara County (SCC), deaths of unhoused people have almost tripled in 9 years. This is a retrospective cohort study examining mortality trends among unhoused people in SCC.

Invisibility as a structural determinant: Mortality outcomes of Asians and Pacific Islanders experiencing homelessness.

Introduction: Asians and Pacific Islanders (APIs) who are experiencing homelessness are situated in a social intersection that has rendered them unrecognized and therefore vulnerable. There has been increasing attention to racial disparities in homelessness, but research into API homelessness is exceedingly rare, despite rapidly growing populations. The purpose of this study is to examine the causes of death among APIs who died while homeless in Santa Clara County (SCC) and compare these causes to other racial groups.

"Peas in a Pod": Clustering minorly injured trauma patients together during their hospitalization results in decreased hospital costs and fewer inpatient complications.

Background: Trauma patient care is complex. Clustering these patients within the hospital seems intuitive. This study's purpose was to explore the benefits of trauma patient clustering, hypothesizing these patients will have decreased costs and better outcomes.

Food insecurity in older female mice affects food consumption, coping behaviors, and memory.

Food insecurity correlates with poor physical and mental health in older individuals, but has not been studied in a laboratory animal model. This explorative study developed a laboratory mouse model for analyzing the impact of food insecurity on food consumption, stress coping mechanisms, exploratory behavior, and memory. 18-month-old CD-1 female mice were assigned to either the food insecurity exposure condition (31 mice, 8 cages) or the control condition (34 mice, 8 cages) by cage.

African American Unemployment and the Disparity in Periviable Births.

Periviable infants (i.e., born before 26 complete weeks of gestation) represent fewer than .

Speech-language pathologists' perceptions and experiences when working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.

Purpose: This study explored the perceptions of speech-language pathologists with regards to culturally responsive service delivery, assessment practices, and confidence when working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.

Method: An online survey was used. Descriptive statistics were analysed with SPSS.

Reproductive suppression and longevity in human birth cohorts.

Objectives: Reproductive suppression refers to, among other phenomena, the termination of pregnancies in populations exposed to signals of death among young conspecifics. Extending the logic of reproduction suppression to humans has implications for health including that populations exposed to it should exhibit relatively great longevity. No research, however, has tested this prediction.

Early life adversity increases the salience of later life stress: an investigation of interactive effects in the PSID.

A large body of evidence has shown that stress throughout life is associated with health trajectories, but the combination of adverse experiences at different stages of the life course is not yet well understood. This study examines the interactions between childhood adversity, adulthood adversity, and adult physical and mental health. Using data from The Childhood Retrospective Circumstances Study (CRCS) supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we created indices of early life adversity (EAI) and adult adversity (AAI).

Understanding periviable birth: A microeconomic alternative to the dysregulation narrative.

Periviable infants (i.e., those born in the 20th through 26th weeks of gestation) suffer much morbidity and approximately half die in the first year of life.

Separating the Bruce and Trivers-Willard effects in theory and in human data.

Objectives: Theories of reproductive suppression predict that natural selection would conserve mechanisms that abort the gestation of offspring otherwise unlikely to thrive in prevailing environments. Research reports evidence among humans of at least two such mechanisms-the Trivers-Willard and Bruce Effects. No literature, however, compares the mechanisms nor estimates their relative contribution to observed characteristics of human birth cohorts.

Reproductive suppression follows threats to child survival.

Natural selection presumably conserved mechanisms that allow females to block or terminate gestation when environmental circumstances threaten the survival of offspring. One example of this adaptive reproductive suppression, the Bruce effect, has been identified in several species, both in the laboratory and in the wild. Although descriptive epidemiology reports low fertility among women experiencing stressful circumstances, attempts to detect a Bruce effect in humans have been rare and limited.

Multifactorial discrimination as a fundamental cause of mental health inequities.

Background: The theory of fundamental causes explains why health disparities persist over time, even as risk factors, mechanisms, and diseases change. Using an intersectional framework, we evaluated multifactorial discrimination as a fundamental cause of mental health disparities.

Methods: Using baseline data from the Project STRIDE: Stress, Identity, and Mental Health study, we examined the health effects of discrimination among individuals who self-identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual.

Twinning in Norway Following the Oslo Massacre: Evidence of a 'Bruce Effect' in Humans.

Emerging theory and empirical work suggest that the 'Bruce Effect', or the increase in spontaneous abortion observed in non-human species when environments become threatening to offspring survival, may also appear in humans. We argue that, if it does, the effect would appear in the odds of twins among male and female live births. We test the hypothesis, implied by our argument, that the odds of a twin among male infants in Norway fell below, while those among females rose above, expected levels among birth cohorts in gestation in July 2011 when a deranged man murdered 77 Norwegians, including many youths.

Stress during Adolescence Alters Palatable Food Consumption in a Context-Dependent Manner.

Food consumption and preferences may be shaped by exposure to stressful environments during sensitive periods in development, and even small changes in consumption can have important effects on long term health. Adolescence is increasingly recognized as a sensitive period, in which adverse experiences can alter development, but the specific programming effects that may occur during adolescence remain incompletely understood. The current study seeks to explore the effects of stress during late adolescence on consumption of a palatable, high-fat, high-sugar food in adulthood-under basal conditions, as well following acute stress.

A longitudinal study of health outcomes for people released from prison in Fiji: the HIP-Fiji project.

Objective: To examine the health of prisoners and ex-prisoners in Fiji, including risk behaviours, service access and HIV status.

Methods: Longitudinal study of 198 men and women recruited prior to release from prison in Fiji, interviewed in the weeks preceding release, and again 1 and 4 months post-release. Dried blood spot samples taken at baseline were tested for HIV.

The influence of early maternal care on perceptual attentional set shifting and stress reactivity in adult rats.

Stress influences a wide variety of outcomes including cognitive processing. In the rat, early life maternal care can influence developing offspring to affect both stress reactivity and cognitive processes in adulthood. The current study assessed if variations in early life maternal care can influence cognitive performance on a task, the ability to switch cognitive sets, dependent on the medial prefrontal cortex.

Family adversity and autonomic reactivity association with immune changes in HIV-affected school children.

Objective: To explore whether primary school entry is associated with changes in immune system parameters in HIV-affected children. HIV-affected children are vulnerable to psychosocial stressors, regardless of their own HIV serological status.

Methods: Data from 38 HIV-positive and 29 HIV-negative children born to seropositive women were obtained.

No evidence of programmed late-life mortality in the Finnish famine cohort.

The developmental origins hypothesis suggests that morbidity and premature mortality arise, in part, from adverse exposures in utero and early in development. Evidence suggests a connection between early nutritional deficits and adult morbidity; however, the effects on mortality have been less well studied and previous studies provide conflicting results. We extracted Finnish birth cohort death rates from the Human Mortality Database.

Natural selection in utero induced by mass layoffs: the hCG evidence.

Evolutionary theory, when coupled with research from epidemiology, demography, and population endocrinology, suggests that contracting economies affect the fitness and health of human populations via natural selection in utero. We know, for example, that fetal death increases more among males than females when the economy unexpectedly contracts; that unexpected economic contraction predicts low secondary sex ratios; and that males from low sex ratio birth cohorts live, on average, longer than those from high sex ratio cohorts. We also know that low levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (i.

A test of maternal human chorionic gonadotropin during pregnancy as an adaptive filter of human gestations.

The risk of abnormalities and morbidity among live births increases with advanced maternal age. Explanations for this elevated morbidity invoke several maternal mechanisms. The relaxed filter stringency (RFS) hypothesis asserts that mothers, nearing the end of their reproductive lifespan, reduce the stringency of a screen of offspring quality in utero based on life-history traits of parity and interbirth interval (IBI).

Hormonal evidence supports the theory of selection in utero.

Objectives: Antagonists in the debate over whether the maternal stress response during pregnancy damages or culls fetuses have invoked the theory of selection in utero to support opposing positions. We describe how these opposing arguments arise from the same theory and offer a novel test to discriminate between them. Our test, rooted in reports from population endocrinology that human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) signals fetal fitness, contributes not only to the debate over the fetal origins of illness, but also to the more basic literature concerned with whether and how natural selection in utero affects contemporary human populations.

Selection against small males in utero: a test of the Wells hypothesis.

Background: The argument that women in stressful environments spontaneously abort their least fit fetuses enjoys wide dissemination despite the fact that several of its most intuitive predictions remain untested. The literature includes no tests, for example, of the hypothesis that these mechanisms select against small for gestational age (SGA) males.

Methods: We apply time-series modeling to 4.