Exploring the diversity of galls on induced by species through morphological and transcriptome analyses.

Plant galls generated by insects have highly organized structures, providing nutrients and shelter to the insects living within them. Most research on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of gall development has focused on single galls. To understand the diversity of gall development, we examined five galls with different morphologies generated by distinct species of (gall midge; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on a single host plant of var.

[Labor management using epidural anesthesia in a gravida patient with high spinal injury].

Since autonomic hyperreflexia (AH) is a serious complication during labor in a gravida with spinal cord injury, anesthetic measures should be taken for the suppression of AH even in a sensory-loss condition. Several reports have described various methods for the suppression of AH, in which epidural anesthesia has been advocated as a useful means for the prevention or amelioration of AH. However, it is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of epidural anesthesia due to the lack of sensory and motor functions.

[Two cases of gravity dependent atelectasis after laparoscopic nephrectomy].

Two patients developed postoperative pulmonary atelectasis after receving laparoscopic nephrectomy in the lateral kidney position. In both patients, the trachea was intubated with a single lumen tube and the lateral kidney position was kept over 9 hours. Because the pulmonary atelectasis had developed on the lower side of the lungs, we considered it as the gravity dependent atelectasis (GDA).

[Iliopsoas abscess accompanied by epidural abscess--a case report].

A 55-year-old man was admitted to a hospital with pain of the low back as well as the left leg, and fever. He was suspected of suffering from the lumbar disc herniation because of the presence of Lasegue's sign on the first physical examination. Abdominal computed tomography, however, revealed the swelling of the left iliopsoas muscle.