Mental Health and Psychosocial Status in Mothers of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Differences by Maternal ADHD Tendencies : Mental Health and Psychosocial Status in Mothers of ADHD Children.

This study clarified differences in mental health, psychosocial status, and mental health-related factors among mothers of ADHD children between those with and without maternal ADHD tendencies from data of 149 mothers of children with ADHD through an online survey. Mothers with ADHD tendencies had poorer mental health, lower education, more ADHD children, and more parenting stressor of "inadequate understanding of the child's disorder from others" than mothers without ADHD tendencies. Their mental health was poorer especially in younger and in those who had more parenting stressors of "difficulties in understanding the child and coping with the child's needs" and "inadequate understanding of the child's disorder from others.

Gastrointestinal symptoms and sensory abnormalities associated with behavioral problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Behavioral problems directly affect the quality of life of caregivers and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and is known to be associated with clinical factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, sensory abnormalities, intellectual abilities, and use of medication. However, previous studies have not considered these relationships comprehensively. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 6-12-year-old children with diagnoses of ASD and/or ADHD at two hospitals in Japan.

In Vitro Assessment of the Effect of Implant Position on Biomechanical Behaviors of Implant-Supported Removable Partial Dentures in Kennedy Class II Condition.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of implant position and loading position on biomechanical behaviors using implant-supported removable partial denture (ISRPD) models in a simulated Kennedy class Ⅱ partially edentulous mandible. Three types of Kennedy class Ⅱ mandibular acrylic resin models (a conventional RPD without support by an implant-CRPD; models with an implant placed at first molar (#46)-MP-ISRPD- and second molar (#47)-DP-ISRPD) were used to measure vertical displacement of the RPD, mesio-distal displacement of the abutment tooth, and bending moment of the abutment tooth and implant under one-point loading. The variables at three respective loading points (#45, #46 and #47) were compared statistically.

The need for polishing and occlusal adjustment of zirconia prostheses for wear on antagonist teeth.

The attrition of enamel when opposed by ceramics is of great concern. The purpose of this study was to evaluate enamel wear against high translucent zirconia (Zr), lithium disilicate (LD), gold (Au), and enamel (E) with different surface and contact conditions. The materials were divided into two groups: polished and ground (n=8 each).

Subsonic to Intersonic Transition in Sliding Friction for Soft Solids.

We perform friction experiments between a compliant gel and a rigid cylinder at sliding velocities comparable to the Rayleigh wave or secondary wave velocity of the gel. We find that, when the sliding velocity exceeds the wave velocities, the contact state transitions from Hertzian like to flat punch like, resulting in the breakdown of the lubricating oil film and the abrupt increase in the friction coefficient. We succeed in deriving theoretical solutions for the contact pressure distributions and the deformation profiles in the presence of friction, which are consistent with our experimental observations.

Cyclization from Higher Excited States of Diarylethenes Having a Substituted Azulene Ring.

The cyclization reaction of diarylethenes having an azulene ring occurs only via higher excited states. Novel diarylethenes having an azulene ring with a strong donor or acceptor were synthesized and examined in these reactions. A derivative having an electron-donating 1,3-benzodithiol-2-ylidenemethyl group at the 1-position of the azulene ring showed photochromism, whereas neither a derivative having a π-conjugated electron-donating group at the 3-position of the azulene ring nor derivatives having a π-conjugated electron-withdrawing group at the 1- or 3-position of the azulene ring showed any photochromism.

Topology and Toughening of Sparse Elastic Networks.

The toughening of sparse elastic networks, such as hydrogels, foams, or meshes against fracture is one of the most important problems in materials science. However, the principles of toughening have not yet been established despite urgent engineering requirements and several efforts made by materials scientists. Here we address the above-mentioned problem by focusing on the topology of a network.

Propagation of Fatigue Cracks in Friction of Brittle Hydrogels.

In order to understand fatigue crack propagation behavior in the friction of brittle hydrogels, we conducted reciprocating friction experiments between a hemi-cylindrical indenter and an agarose hydrogel block. We found that the fatigue life is greatly affected by the applied normal load as well as adhesion strength at the bottom of the gel⁻substrate interface. On the basis of in situ visualizations of the contact areas and observations of the fracture surfaces after the friction experiments, we suggest that the mechanical condition altered by the delamination of the hydrogel from the bottom substrate plays an essential role in determining the fatigue life of the hydrogel.

The effective design of zirconia coping on titanium base in dental implant superstructure.

Zirconia exhibits good tissue compatibility and nontoxicity, making it a widely used esthetic replacement material for implant abutments. To avoid abutment-fracture, the parts composed of zirconia with a bonded metal component connected to the implant can be used. The purpose of this study was to design titanium and zirconia components with high fracture resistance at the zirconia component's edge line.

Improved wear resistance of functional diamond like carbon coated Ti-6Al-4V alloys in an edge loading conditions.

This study investigates the durability of functional diamond-like carbon (DLC) coated titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) under edge loading conditions for application in artificial hip joints. The multilayered (ML) functional DLC coatings consist of three key layers, each of these layers were designed for specific functions such as increasing fracture strength, adapting stress generation and enhancing wear resistance. A 'ball-on-disk' multi-directional wear tester was used in the durability test.

Biphasic and boundary lubrication mechanisms in artificial hydrogel cartilage: A review.

Various studies on the application of artificial hydrogel cartilage to cartilage substitutes and artificial joints have been conducted. It is expected in clinical application of artificial hydrogel cartilage that not only soft-elastohydrodynamic lubrication but biphasic, hydration, gel-film and boundary lubrication mechanisms will be effective to sustain extremely low friction and minimal wear in daily activities similar to healthy natural synovial joints with adaptive multimode lubrication. In this review article, the effectiveness of biphasic lubrication and boundary lubrication in hydrogels in thin film condition is focused in relation to the structures and properties of hydrogels.

Effects of both vitamin C and mechanical stimulation on improving the mechanical characteristics of regenerated cartilage.

The present work describes the influence of both vitamin C (VC) and mechanical stimulation on development of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and improvement in mechanical properties of a chondrocyte-agarose construct in a regenerating tissue disease model of hyaline cartilage. We used primary bovine chondrocytes and two types of VC, ascorbic acid (AsA) as an acidic form and ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (A2P) as a non-acidic form, and applied uniaxial compressive strain to the tissue model using a purpose-built bioreactor. When added to the medium in free-swelling culture conditions, A2P downregulated development of ECM and suppressed improvement of the tangent modulus more than AsA.

Relationship between magnitude of immediate loading and peri-implant osteogenesis in dogs.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the magnitude of immediate loading on peri-implant bone in an animal model of dental implantation.

Material And Methods: Eight weeks after the extraction of maxillary and mandibular premolars, three implants were inserted bilaterally in the mandibles of six Beagle dogs. One implant was unloaded (UL) as a control, and two implants were loaded immediately with 10 N (mild loading: ML) or 50 N (excessive loading: EL) laterally using a cyclic loading device twice a week for 3 weeks.

Effects of mucosal thickness on the stress distribution and denture stability of mandibular implant-supported overdentures with unsplinted attachments in vitro.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of mucosal thickness on the stress pattern around implants and movement of implant-supported overdentures with ball/female and three different types of magnetic attachments. After insertion of two root-form implants into a mandibular model, the surface of the model was covered with a 1.5- or 3-mm layer of impression material to simulate the oral mucosa, and removable overdentures were fabricated on each model.

Influence of microscopic surface asperities on the wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in a knee prosthesis.

The wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in knee and hip prostheses is one of the major factors restricting the longevity of these implants. A number of microscopic scratches caused by various factors were observed on the metallic femoral components of the retrieved knee prostheses with an anatomical design. It appears that microscopic surface asperities caused by this surface damage contribute to increasing and/or accelerating the wear of the UHMWPE tibial insert.

Enzymatically fabricated and degradable microcapsules for production of multicellular spheroids with well-defined diameters of less than 150 microm.

Microcapsules with a single, spherical hollow core less than 150 microm in diameter were developed to obtain multicellular spheroids with well-defined sizes of less than 150 microm in diameter. An aqueous solution of phenolic hydroxyl derivative of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Ph) containing human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) cells and horse radish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into a coflowing stream of liquid paraffin, containing H(2)O(2), resulting in cell-enclosing CMC-Ph microparticles, 135 microm in diameter, via a peroxidase-catalyzed crosslinking reaction. The CMC-Ph microparticles were then coated with a phenolic hydroxyl derivative of alginate (Alg-Ph) gel membrane several dozen micrometers in thickness, crosslinked via the same enzymatic reaction process, followed by further crosslinking between the carboxyl groups of alginate by Sr(2+).

Elasto-plastic contact analysis of an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene tibial component based on geometrical measurement from a retrieved knee prosthesis.

The wear phenomenon of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in knee and hip prostheses is one of the major restriction factors on the longevity of these implants. Especially in retrieved knee prostheses with anatomical design, the predominant types of wear on UHMWPE tibial components are delamination and pitting. These fatigue wear patterns of UHMWPE are believed to result from repeated plastic deformation owing to high contact stresses.

Confocal analysis of local and cellular strains in chondrocyte-agarose constructs subjected to mechanical shear.

Although numerous previous studies have investigated cell deformation and mechanotransduction within isolated chondrocytes compressed in agarose gel, no published studies have examined the cellular response to shear. In the present study, a novel experimental system has been used to apply precise magnitudes of simple shear strain to isolated bovine articular chondrocytes seeded in agarose. Specimens were gelled between porous endplates which enabled the specimen to be gripped within a specially designed test rig mounted on an inverted microscope.

Osteoclast differentiation at growth plate cartilage-trabecular bone junction in newborn rat femur.

Using 3-day-old newborn rats, we examined the differentiation processes of osteoclasts associated with the destruction of the femoral growth plate cartilage and primary trabecular bone. In the growth plate cartilage, thin mineralized areas were detected solely in the longitudinal septal cartilage matrix in the hypertrophic zone, but the transverse septal cartilage matrix between adjacent chondrocytic lacunae within a row of chondrocytes remained unmineralized. The longitudinal septal cartilage between adjacent rows of chondrocytes appeared to persist, forming the walls of opened lacunar canals.

Destruxins, cyclodepsipeptides, block the formation of actin rings and prominent clear zones and ruffled borders in osteoclasts.

Bone-resorbing osteoclasts exhibit polarized morphological structures such as actin rings, clear zones, and ruffled borders. To gain insight into the mechanism of bone-resorbing activity of osteoclast and to discover new types of anti-resorptive agents, we have screened for natural compounds that inhibit the bone-resorbing activity of osteoclast-like multinucleated cells (OCLs). Destruxin B (DestB) and E (DestE), cyclodepsipeptides, were found to inhibit pit formation without affecting osteoclast differentiation and survival.

Effects of enamel matrix derivative on mineralized tissue formation during bone wound healing in rat parietal bone defects.

Enamel matrix derivative (EMD: Emdogain) has been reported to stimulate the biosynthesis and regeneration of trabecular bone. To address whether the biological action of EMD is dependent on the local environment of osseous tissue, circular perforations were made in parietal bones and immediately filled with either EMD or its carrier, propylene glycol alginate (PGA), as control. On post-operative days 4-60, the dissected bones were examined by various histological techniques.

[Issues in the development of drugs for treating deep-seated mycosis].

This review is a collection of abstracts of seven papers presented at the panel discussion Issues in the Development of Drugs for Treating Deep-Seated Mycosis - From Drug Discovery to Clinical Studies held at the 45th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Medical Mycology. The first three presentations concerned the discovery of new drugs. The first discussed the screening, analysis of chemical structure and elucidation of the mechanism of action of new antifungal agents focusing on aureobasidin A.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis resulting in respiratory failure during neutrophil recovery from postchemotherapy neutropenia in three patients with acute leukaemia.

Respiratory failure is a severe complication of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). Its pathogenesis is not well understood. We herein describe three cases of subacute respiratory failure that occurred during the recovery phase of neutropenia following induction chemotherapy for acute leukaemia with IPA.

Porcine enamel matrix derivative enhances trabecular bone regeneration during wound healing of injured rat femur.

To elucidate the effects of enamel matrix derivative (EMD: Emdogain) on bone regeneration in rat femurs after drill-hole injury, defects in bone were filled with either EMD or its carrier, PGA, as control. On postoperative days 4 to 28, dissected femurs were examined by means of various morphological approaches. In both experimental groups, formation of trabecular bone, which was immunostained for bone sialoproteins (BSP), had occurred in the medullary cavities at cylindrical bone defects on Day 7 postoperatively.