When is a word in good company for learning?

Although identifying the referents of single words is often cited as a key challenge for getting word learning off the ground, it overlooks the fact that young learners consistently encounter words in the context of other words. How does this company help or hinder word learning? Prior investigations into early word learning from children's real-world language input have yielded conflicting results, with some influential findings suggesting an advantage for words that keep a diverse company of other words, and others suggesting the opposite. Here, we sought to triangulate the source of this conflict, comparing different measures of diversity and approaches to controlling for correlated effects of word frequency across multiple languages.

Dynamic light scattering analysis of immune complexes in sera of rheumatoid arthritis patients.

The size of circulating immune complexes (CICs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) could be an emerging criterion in disease diagnosis. This study analyzed size and electrokinetic potential of CICs from RA patients, healthy young adults, and RA patients age-matched controls aiming to establish their unique CIC features. Pooled CIC of 30 RA patients, 30 young adults, and 30 RA group's age-matched controls (middle-aged and oldеr healthy adults), and in vitro IgG aggregates from pooled sera of 300 healthy volunteers were tested using dynamic light scattering (DLS).

No frills: Simple regularities in language can go a long way in the development of word knowledge.

Recent years have seen a flourishing of Natural Language Processing models that can mimic many aspects of human language fluency. These models harness a simple, decades-old idea: It is possible to learn a lot about word meanings just from exposure to language, because words similar in meaning are used in language in similar ways. The successes of these models raise the intriguing possibility that exposure to word use in language also shapes the word knowledge that children amass during development.

Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain treatment - first experiences in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Aim To describe results of spinal cord stimulation technique when the conventional multidisciplinary treatment of neuropathic or mixed pain failed. Methods The research was conducted at the Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation "Dr. Miroslav Zotović", Banjaluka.

Experience and maturation: The contribution of co-occurrence regularities in language to the development of semantic organization.

With development knowledge becomes organized according to semantic links, including early-developing associative (e.g., juicy-apple) and gradually developing taxonomic links (e.

Age and gender associated changes in immunoglobulin subclass levels specific to S. pneumoniae, serotype 1.

S. pneumoniae is an important human pathogen which has a polysaccharide capsule with virulent properties. This work aims to estimate the titres of S.

Exposure to co-occurrence regularities in language drives semantic integration of new words.

Human word learning is remarkable: We not only learn thousands of words but also form organized semantic networks in which words are interconnected according to meaningful links, such as those between and . These links play key roles in our abilities to use language. How do words become integrated into our semantic networks? Here, we investigated whether humans integrate new words by harnessing simple statistical regularities of word use in language, including: (a) Direct co-occurrence (e.

Not all exceptions are created equal: Learning of exceptions in pigeons' categorization.

Learning of exceptions - those items that violate a known regularity - takes longer than learning of rule-following items. Studies reporting this disparity have used exceptions that share most of their features with members of the opposite category (crossover exceptions). Yet, exceptions can be distinctly different from members of their own category and other categories as well (oddball exceptions).

Effects of oral supplementation with organically modified clinoptilolite during prepartum period on colostrum quality in primiparous dairy cows.

This research paper addresses the hypothesis that an oral supplementation with organically modified clinoptilolite will improve colostrum quality in primiparous dairy cows whilst having no adverse effects on the cows' health. A total of 36 pregnant Holstein primiparous dairy cattle were randomly assigned to receive daily oral drenching, two hours following morning feeding, with 1 l of water containing either 0 g/l (n = 16) or 150 g/l (n = 20) of clinoptilolite. Treatment lasted from 24 ± 4 d prior to expected parturition until two days postpartum (pp).

Selective and distributed attention in human and pigeon category learning.

Attention to relevant stimulus features in a categorization task helps to optimize performance. However, the relationship between attention and categorization is not fully understood. For example, even when human adults and young children exhibit comparable categorization behavior, adults tend to attend selectively during learning, whereas young children tend to attend diffusely (Deng & Sloutsky, 2016).

Conceptual relation preference: A matter of strategy or one of salience?

In order to determine whether preference in object matching tasks measures participants' strategy or tells us something about the salience of relations between corresponding concepts, we conducted three experiments. In Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, we approached this question by measuring the ease with which adult participants process different relations when they are under strategic instruction. When asked to group objects based on thematic or taxonomic relatedness, participants were slower (Experiment 2) and tended to make more errors (Experiment 1-2) when they had to find a taxonomically related pair than when they searched for a thematically related one.

Statistical regularities shape semantic organization throughout development.

Our knowledge about the world is represented not merely as a collection of concepts, but as an organized lexico-semantic network in which concepts can be linked by relations, such as "taxonomic" relations between members of the same stable category (e.g., cat and sheep), or association between entities that occur together or in the same context (e.

Correction: Comparing the temporal dynamics of thematic and taxonomic processing using event-related potentials.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Assimilation of exceptions? Examining representations of regular and exceptional category members across development.

Evidence from multiple category learning studies suggest that exceptions to a category rule are remembered better than the items that follow that rule (Davis, Love, & Preston, 2012; Palmeri & Nosofsky, 1995; Sakamoto & Love, 2004). Based on differences in recognition memory, it has been suggested that category exceptions may be represented separately from regular category members. Here, we present 4 experiments investigating representations of regular and exceptional category members as well as potential developmental changes in these representations.

Comparing the temporal dynamics of thematic and taxonomic processing using event-related potentials.

We report the results of a study comparing the temporal dynamics of thematic and taxonomic knowledge activation in a picture-word priming paradigm using event-related potentials. Although we found no behavioral differences between thematic and taxonomic processing, ERP data revealed distinct patterns of N400 and P600 amplitude modulation for thematic and taxonomic priming. Thematically related target stimuli elicited less negativity than taxonomic targets between 280-460 ms after stimulus onset, suggesting easier semantic processing of thematic than taxonomic relationships.

Circulating immune complexes of calves with bronchopneumonia modulate the function of peripheral blood leukocytes: In vitro evaluation.

In this work we studied if circulating immune complexes (CIC) of calves with bronchopneumonia have the capacity to modulate function of peripheral blood leukocytes of healthy cattle. CIC of three month old calves (6 healthy and 6 diseased) were isolated by PEG precipitation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) and granulocytes from healthy calves and cows were the CIC responder cells in in vitro tests.

Evidence that calf bronchopneumonia may be accompanied by increased sialylation of circulating immune complexes' IgG.

Immune complexes (IC) could have an important role in the pathogenesis of pre-ruminant calves' bronchopneumonia. IC are potent activators of complement and neutrophils and they might be responsible for immune protection, as well as for pulmonary damage. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), as constituents of IC, initiates the effector phase of immune response through binding of Fcγ and complement receptors.

Intravenous thrombolysis in the treatment of ischemic stroke due to spontaneous artery dissection.

Objectives: Data based on randomized clinical trials regarding intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) versus placebo or any other antithrombotic treatment in ischemic stroke (IS) due to artery dissection (AD) are not available.

Methods: We used data from our observational study to examine the efficacy and safety of IVT in patients with IS due to spontaneous AD, as compared with stroke patients of the same cause who were not treated with IVT. Outcome measures were modified Rankin score (mRS) for functional outcome, death from all causes, occurrence of any intracranial hemorrhage, local signs of an intramural hematoma extension, recurrent IS, and recurrent AD.

[Acute intermittent porphyria in the puerperium].

Introduction: Acute intermittent porphyria emerges as a result of partial defect of porphobilinogen deaminase and is manifested by repeated episodes of somatic, psychiatric and neurological disorders. The disease is conducted via the autosomal-dominant gene of variable penetration, so most of the carriers never experience seizures. Timely making of diagnosis, screening of blood relatives of the patient and education of patients on avoidance of provoking factors are the key to adequate treatment.

[Structural and functional characteristics of urinary tract in offspring of Balkan endemic nephropathy patients].

Introduction: Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a familial chronic progressive tubulointerstitial disease of unknown aetiology that occurs with high prevalence in endemic rural environments of Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Bulgaria and Romania. It has been documented only in adults.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine clinical markers of BEN in children and adolescent offspring of BEN patients.

Thrombophilia in women with pregnancy-associated complications: fetal loss and pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism.

Background/aims: Existing data regarding the prevalence of thrombophilia in women with pregnancy complications are conflicting.

Methods: To investigate the relationship between pregnancy-associated complications and the presence of thrombophilia, we studied the records of 453 women with pregnancy-associated complications. In 55 women, intrauterine fetal death (fetus mortus in utero, FMU) after 20 weeks of gestation was recorded, in 231 two or more consecutive recurrent fetal losses (RFL) were recorded, while 167 had a venous thromboembolism (VTE) during one of their pregnancies.

[Significance of determining concentrations of subclasses of IgG and IgA--our experience].

Selective IgG and IgA subclass (IgGsc and IgAsc) deficiencies may be either partial or complete, yet, combined subclass deficiencies are common. The serums of 65 patients with various clinical symptoms were investigated for quantitative and qualitative immunoglobulin levels. A high correlation (r=0.