Severity of inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis.

Background & Aims: Patients with ulcerative colitis are at increased risk of colorectal cancer. It is widely believed that this is secondary to colonic inflammation. However, the severity of colonic inflammation has never been shown to be a risk factor.

Pancolonic indigo carmine dye spraying for the detection of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis.

Background And Aims: Colonoscopic surveillance for cancer in longstanding extensive ulcerative colitis relies heavily on non-targeted mucosal biopsies. Chromoendoscopy can aid detection of subtle mucosal abnormalities. We hypothesised that routine pancolonic indigo carmine dye spraying would improve the macroscopic detection of dysplasia and reduce the dependence on non-targeted biopsies.

Large villous adenomas arising in ileal pouches in familial adenomatous polyposis: report of two cases.

A restorative proctocolectomy or ileal pouch procedure is one of the main surgical options for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. The main premise underlying the recommendation of a pouch procedure rather than an ileorectal anastomosis is that it minimizes the risk of rectal cancer. Several studies have evaluated the risk of developing pouch adenomas.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis defective in phthiocerol dimycocerosate translocation provides greater protective immunity against tuberculosis than the existing bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine.

We demonstrate that Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is unable to export the complex lipid phthiocerol dimycocerosate has a decreased capacity to replicate in mice and affords sustained protective immunity against M. tuberculosis infection Protection was significantly better than that provided by the existing vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and this improved protective efficacy was maintained for at least 24 weeks after vaccination. Protection afforded by this attenuated strain coincided with a number of factors that were not associated with BCG vaccination: long-term persistence of the strain within the host, sustained and potent induction of antimycobacterial interferon-gamma-secreting cells equal to that induced by virulent M.

The prevalence of small, flat colorectal cancers in a western population.

Objective: Small, flat colorectal cancers have been widely reported in the Japanese literature but are thought to occur rarely outside Japan. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to clarify the prevalence of flat colorectal cancer in a Western population.

Methods: One thousand and twenty-six consecutive colonoscopies performed by a single experienced endoscopist were retrospectively analysed over a two-year period.

A prospective study of the technical feasibility of ileoscopy at colonoscopy.

Background: Despite a well-documented diagnostic yield, ileoscopy at colonoscopy is not performed routinely. This is due to the perceived difficulty in intubating the ileocaecal valve, added procedure time and a lack of acceptance regarding diagnostic yield. Therefore, we conducted a study to investigate the technical feasibility of ileoscopy at colonoscopy.

Who performs endocrine operations in the United States?

Background: Endocrine surgery is a discipline that is dedicated to high-quality care of patients with endocrine surgical disease. The relationship between its "identity" as a separate field and clinical practice patterns is not known.

Methods: The National Inpatient Sample was searched by the International Classification of Diseases-9th revision-Clinical Modification codes for parathyroidectomy, thyroidectomy, and adrenalectomy for the years 1988 through 2000.

Cardiovascular effects at multi-detector row CT colonography compared with those at conventional endoscopy of the colon.

Purpose: To compare the cardiovascular effects of computed tomographic (CT) colonography and conventional endoscopy in a group of patients undergoing both procedures.

Materials And Methods: A total of 144 patients underwent CT colonography followed by flexible sigmoidoscopy (40 patients) or colonoscopy (104 patients). Pulse, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation were measured before, during, and after the procedures.

A loss-of-function polymorphism in the human P2X7 receptor abolishes ATP-mediated killing of mycobacteria.

Protective immunity to mycobacterial infections requires activation of the antibacterial mechanisms of infected macrophages. It has previously been reported that ATP treatment of mycobacteria-infected macrophages induces apoptosis mediated via the P2X(7) pathway and that this leads to the death of both the host cell and the internalized bacilli. We have recently identified a single nucleotide polymorphism in the P2X7 gene (1513A-->C), with 1-2% prevalence in the homozygous state, which codes for a nonfunctional receptor.

Correlates of adolescent reports of sexual assault: findings from the National Survey of Adolescents.

This study examines how key demographic variables and specific child sexual assault (CSA) incident characteristics were related to whether adolescents reported that they had told anyone about an alleged sexual assault. The study also investigates whether there were differences in the correlates of CSA disclosure as a function of gender and race/ethnicity. A national household probability sample of 4,023 adolescents was interviewed by telephone about childhood experiences, including CSA history.

Use of multidetector-row CT colonography for detection of colorectal neoplasia in patients referred via the Department of Health "2-Week-wait" initiative.

Aim: Patients referred under the Department of Health 2-week wait initiative with symptoms of colorectal cancer frequently undergo whole-colon examination. We investigated the use of computed tomography (CT) colonography as an alternative to colonoscopy in this scenario.

Materials And Methods: Fifty-four consecutive patients, referred via the 2-week wait initiative and scheduled for colonoscopy, consented to undergo multidetector CT colonography immediately before endoscopy.

Multi-detector row CT colonography: effect of collimation, pitch, and orientation on polyp detection in a human colectomy specimen.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of orientation, collimation, pitch, and tube current setting on polyp detection at multi-detector row computed tomographic (CT) colonography and to determine the optimal combination of scanning parameters for screening.

Materials And Methods: A colectomy specimen containing 117 polyps of different sizes was insufflated and imaged with a multi-detector row CT scanner at various collimation (1.25 and 2.

Acceptance by patients of multidetector CT colonography compared with barium enema examinations, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare patient acceptance of multidetector CT colonography, total colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and double-contrast barium enema to ascertain any overall preference. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. One hundred sixty-eight patients underwent CT colonography followed by either flexible sigmoidoscopy (n = 59) or colonoscopy (n = 109).

Conditionally immortal ovarian cell lines for investigating the influence of ovarian stroma on the estrogen sensitivity and tumorigenicity of ovarian surface epithelial cells.

The tendency of the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) to undergo metaplastic and morphogenetic changes during the life cycle, at variance with the adjacent peritoneal mesothelial cells, suggests that its biology may be regulated by underlying ovarian stromal cues. However, little is known about the role that the ovarian stroma plays in the pathobiology of the OSE, largely because of the lack of a suitable in vitro model. Here, we describe the establishment and characterization of conditionally immortalized ovarian stromal and surface epithelial cell lines from H-2K(b)-tsA58 transgenic mice that carry the thermolabile mutant of SV-40 large T antigen under the control of an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducible promoter.

Endoscopic snare polypectomy for bleeding postinflammatory polyps.

We describe a patient with ulcerative colitis and protracted rectal bleeding who had required several blood transfusions and who was unresponsive to medical therapy, whose symptoms resolved after endoscopic resection of multiple giant postinflammatory polyps. This case report highlights the fact that postinflammatory polyps can occasionally cause significant symptoms, such as rectal bleeding, and that in these circumstances careful endoscopic polypectomy can be performed safely and result in a significant improvement in symptoms over a prolonged period of follow-up.

Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: results from the National Survey of Adolescents.

With a national household probability sample of 4,023 telephone-interviewed adolescents ages 12-17, this study provides prevalence, comorbidity, and risk-factor data for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive episode (MDE), and substance abuse/dependence (SA/D). Roughly 16% of boys and 19% of girls met criteria for at least 1 diagnosis. Six-month PTSD prevalence was 3.

Colonoscopic balloon dilation of Crohn's strictures: a review of long-term outcomes.

Objective: To study the long-term outcomes of patients who have had endoscopic balloon dilation of Crohn's strictures.

Design: Retrospective case-note review over a 16-year period.

Patients: Patients with a Crohn's stricture causing obstructive symptoms and who had at least 6 months' follow-up data or a surgical outcome following dilation were sought; 59 patients (124 dilations) were identified.

Effect of real-time magnetic endoscope imaging on the teaching and acquisition of colonoscopy skills: results from a single trainee.

Background And Study Aims: Most trainees have little concept of the loops that occur during colonoscopy, and have difficulty in appreciating the combination of withdrawal and torquing manoeuvres that are essential to achieving complete colonoscopy. Real-time magnetic endoscope imaging (MEI) allows visualization of shaft looping, and so makes intuitive the manoeuvres necessary to straighten the colonoscope shaft.

Patients And Methods: Consecutive routine colonoscopies were performed by a single trainee (with previous experience of 15 colonoscopies).