Early Enteral Nutrition (within 48 h) for Patients with Sepsis or Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: Medical nutrition therapy provides the opportunity to compensate for muscle wasting and immune response activation during stress and trauma. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the safety and effectiveness of early enteral nutrition (EEN) in adults with sepsis or septic shock.

Methods: The MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.

Hydromediastinum and hydrothorax as delayed complications of peripherally inserted central catheter used for total parenteral nutrition: A case report.

Introduction: Central venous catheters (CVCs) and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) may cause delayed complications, such as venous erosion, hydrothorax, or hydromediastinum. Vascular erosion is most frequently associated with left-sided CVC insertions. We report a case of hydropneumomediastinum and hydropneumothorax as a delayed complication of right-sided PICC used for total parenteral nutrition.

How Many Nonprotein Calories Does a Critically Ill Patient Require? A Case for Hypocaloric Nutrition in the Critically Ill Patient.

Calculation of energy and protein doses for critically ill patients is still a matter of controversy. For more than 40 years of nutrition support, the total amount of nutrients to be delivered to these patients has been calculated based on expert recommendations, and this calculation is based on the administration of nonprotein calories in one attempt to ameliorate catabolic response and avoid the weight loss. New evidence suggests protein delivery is the most important intervention to improve clinical and metabolic outcomes.

How Much and What Type of Protein Should a Critically Ill Patient Receive?

Protein loss, manifested as loss of muscle mass, is observed universally in all critically ill patients. Depletion of muscle mass is associated with impaired function and poor outcomes. In extreme cases, protein malnutrition is manifested by respiratory failure, lack of wound healing, and immune dysfunction.

Summary Points and Consensus Recommendations From the International Protein Summit.

The International Protein Summit in 2016 brought experts in clinical nutrition and protein metabolism together from around the globe to determine the impact of high-dose protein administration on clinical outcomes and address barriers to its delivery in the critically ill patient. It has been suggested that high doses of protein in the range of 1.2-2.

Protein Kinetics and Metabolic Effects Related to Disease States in the Intensive Care Unit.

Evaluating protein kinetics in the critically ill population remains a very difficult task. Heterogeneity in the intensive care unit (ICU) population and wide spectrum of disease processes creates complexity in assessing protein kinetics. Traditionally, protein has been delivered in the context of total energy.

Experimental and Outcome-Based Approaches to Protein Requirements in the Intensive Care Unit.

Insight into protein requirements of intensive care unit (ICU) patients is urgently needed, but at present, it is unrealistic to define protein requirements for different diagnostic groups of critical illness or at different stages of illness. No large randomized controlled trials have randomized protein delivery, adequately addressed energy intake, and evaluated relevant clinical outcomes. As a pragmatic approach, experimental studies have focused on protein requirements of heterogeneous ICU patients.