Impact of prenatal exposure to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on birth size and postnatal growth trajectories.

Background: Prenatal exposure to cannabis (or more specifically, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol [Δ9-THC]) has been consistently linked to low birthweight. Animal models further show that Δ9-THC is associated with rapid postnatal growth. Whether this association is modified by breastfeeding is unknown.

Association Between Food Insecurity and Inability to Obtain Provider-Recommended Medications, Multidisciplinary Services, and Technology in Youth and Young Adults With Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: We assessed if food insecurity (FI) is associated with not obtaining recommended diabetes medications, technology, and multidisciplinary services, and explored the most common reasons for not obtaining recommended treatments in youth and young adults (YYA) with diabetes.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, among 911 YYA with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 144 with type 2 diabetes (T2D) from the SEARCH Food Security Cohort Study Follow-up 1 (2018-2021), FI (≥ 3 items affirmed from the 18-item Household Food Security Survey module), and inability to obtain recommended treatments were self-reported.

Results: Almost 30% of YYA with T1D and FI and 20% of YYA with T2D and FI did not obtain 1 or more recommended treatments.

Reassessing the Burden of Food Insecurity in Youth and Young Adults With Youth-onset Diabetes: The Importance of Marginal Food Security.

Introduction: Whereas marginal food insecurity has been recognized as important in Canadian food security policy, the category of marginal food security (MFS) is often ignored in US food security research.

Methods: Prevalence of FI was estimated according to the conventional and an alternate classification of MFS with food insecurity among 938 youth and young adults (YYA) with youth-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 156 with youth-onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D) from the SEARCH Food Security Cohort Study (2018-2021). Multivariable regression was used to estimate the association of MFS and conventionally defined food insecurity (FI) ascertained with diabetes-related outcomes, including acute diabetes complications, health care utilization, and diabetes self-management among YYA with T1D.

Differentially methylated regions interrogated for metastable epialleles associate with offspring adiposity.

Assess if cord blood differentially methylated regions (DMRs) representing human metastable epialleles (MEs) associate with offspring adiposity in 588 maternal-infant dyads from the Colorado Health Start Study. DNA methylation was assessed via the Illumina 450K array (~439,500 CpG sites). Offspring adiposity was obtained via air displacement plethysmography.

Using Power Analysis to Choose the Unit of Randomization, Outcome, and Approach for Subgroup Analysis for a Multilevel Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial to Reduce Disparities in Cardiovascular Health.

We give examples of three features in the design of randomized controlled clinical trials which can increase power and thus decrease sample size and costs. We consider an example multilevel trial with several levels of clustering. For a fixed number of independent sampling units, we show that power can vary widely with the choice of the level of randomization.

Household food insecurity and associations with hemoglobin A and acute diabetes-related complications in youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.

Aims: To examine, among youth and young adults (YYA) with type 1 diabetes (T1D), the association of household food insecurity (HFI) with: 1) HbA and 2) episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and severe hypoglycemia.

Methods: HFI was assessed using the U.S.

Properties of the Household Food Security Survey Module Scale in Young Adults with Diabetes.

Background: The Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) was not tailored to people with chronic diseases or young adults (YAs).

Objectives: We aim to evaluate whether the 18-item HFSSM meets assumptions underlying the scale among YAs with diabetes.

Methods: Data from 1887 YAs with youth-onset type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes were used from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, 2016-2019, and on 925 who returned for the SEARCH Food Security Cohort Study, 2018-2021, all of whom had completed the HFSSM.

Self-Reported Food Security in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Association with Hemoglobin A and Mental Health Symptoms Independent of Household Food Security.

Background: Typically, child exposure to food insecurity is assessed by caregiver reports of household food security. Child report has the potential for greater accuracy because it pertains only to the child whose experiences may differ from caregiver reports.

Objective: We assessed if adolescent-reported food insecurity was associated with levels of hemoglobin A (HbA), acute diabetes-related complications, depressive symptoms, and disordered eating behaviors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, independently from household food security.

Opportunities for Examining Child Health Impacts of Early-Life Nutrition in the ECHO Program: Maternal and Child Dietary Intake Data from Pregnancy to Adolescence.

Background: Longitudinal measures of diet spanning pregnancy through adolescence are needed from a large, diverse sample to advance research on the effect of early-life nutrition on child health. The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, which includes 69 cohorts, >33,000 pregnancies, and >31,000 children in its first 7-y cycle, provides such data, now publicly available.

Objectives: This study aimed to describe dietary intake data available in the ECHO Program as of 31 August, 2022 (end of year 6 of Cycle 1) from pregnancy through adolescence, including estimated sample sizes, and to highlight the potential for future analyses of nutrition and child health.

A mixed-methods analysis to understand the implementation of a multistakeholder research consortium: Environmental influences on child health outcomes (ECHO).

Introduction: Large, transdisciplinary research consortia have increasingly been called upon to address complex and challenging health problems. The National Institutes of Health's (NIH) Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program developed multisite collaboration strategies to promote impactful collaborative observational research on child health. Team science and implementation science offer theoretical and methodological structure to answer questions about the strategies that facilitate successful consortia.

Identifying Foods That Optimize Intake of Key Micronutrients During Pregnancy.

Background: Most pregnant women in the United States are at risk of inadequate intake of vitamin A, vitamin D, folic acid, calcium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids from foods alone. Very few United States dietary supplements provide sufficient doses of all 6 nutrients without inducing excess intake.

Objective: We aimed to identify energy-efficient foods that provide sufficient doses of these nutrients and could be consumed in lieu of dietary supplements to achieve the recommended intake in pregnancy.

A pre-conception clinical trial to reduce intergenerational obesity and diabetes risks: The NDPP-NextGen trial protocol.

Background: Intrauterine exposure to maternal overweight/obesity or diabetes transmits risks to offspring, perpetuating a disease cycle across generations. Prenatal interventions to reduce maternal weight or dysglycemia have limited impact, while postpartum interventions can alter the intrauterine environment only if child-bearing continues. Efficacious preconception interventions are needed, especially for underserved populations, and with the potential to be scaled up sustainably.

Greater Gestational Vitamin D Status is Associated with Reduced Childhood Behavioral Problems in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Program.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is common in pregnancy. Vitamin D plays an important role in the developing brain, and deficiency may impair childhood behavioral development.

Objectives: This study examined the relationship between gestational 25(OH)D concentrations and childhood behavior in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program.

Preconception Counseling in Women With Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Preconception counseling is recommended for all women with diabetes starting at puberty to convey the importance of optimal diabetes management for maternal and fetal outcomes. This study included 622 female participants from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study with a mean age of 22.2 years (range 14-35 years).

Selecting a dietary supplement with appropriate dosing for 6 key nutrients in pregnancy.

Background: Most pregnant women in the United States (US) are at risk of inadequate intake of key nutrients during pregnancy from foods alone. Current dietary supplement practices reduce risk of inadequacy for only some nutrients and induce excessive intake of other nutrients.

Objectives: Our study aimed to estimate the doses of supplementation needed to help most pregnant women achieve the recommended intake without exceeding upper limits for key prenatal nutrients and to identify US dietary supplements providing these doses.

Association of Maternal BMI and Rapid Infant Weight Gain With Childhood Body Size and Composition.

Objectives: Maternal prepregnancy BMI (ppBMI) and an infant's rapid weight gain (RWG) are each associated with increased risk for childhood obesity. We hypothesized that ppBMI and RWG interact to further raise childhood obesity risk.

Methods: Mother-infant dyads (n = 414) from the Healthy Start Study, an observational prebirth cohort, were included.