GC-MS analysis and pharmacological evaluations of (Roxb.) seeds provide new insights into the management of oxidative stress and hyperglycemia.

Roxb. (Arecaceae) seeds are used in the treatment of diabetes in the traditional system of medicine. The present study evaluated antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities as well as the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the methanol extract of seeds (MEPS).

Fruits: Analysis of Bioactive Compounds, Antibacterial Activity and Relative Action Mechanisms.

is an edible plant traditionally used to cure wounds and various infections. The present work assessed, for the first time, the antibacterial efficacy of solvent fractions from fruits. The crude methanol extract was obtained applying ultrasound-assisted extraction, followed by partitioning through successive depletion among solvents of increasing polarity to yield fractions (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol).

Antioxidant and Anti-Proliferative Properties of Roots and Their Potentially Active Components.

(Bruce) J. F. Gmel.

Cytotoxic Stilbenes and Canthinone Alkaloids from (Simaroubaceae).

A phytochemical study of the root and bark of J. F. Mill.

Four new -clerodane diterpenes from the stem bark of .

Four new -clerodanes, crotonolins C-F (-), were isolated from the stem bark of together with the known clerodane crotonzambefuran A, the abietanes 7--hydroxydehydroabietic acid and 7-oxodehydroabietic acid, and ferulic acid. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS and by comparison with previously reported data. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds against A549, MCF7, PC3 and PNT2 cells was evaluated using the MTT assay.

Ent-Clerodane Diterpenes from the Bark of Croton oligandrus Pierre ex Hutch. and Assessment of Their Cytotoxicity against Human Cancer Cell Lines.

New clerodane diterpenes, 12--megalocarpodolide D () and an epimeric mixture of crotonolins A () and B (), were isolated from the bark of following a bioassay-guided isolation protocol. Known compounds, megalocarpodolide D (), 12--crotocorylifuran (), cluytyl-ferulate (), hexacosanoyl- ferulate (), vanillin (), acetyl-aleuritolic acid () and lupeol (), were also isolated. The structures of the isolated compounds (-) were elucidated by spectroscopic means.

Cytotoxic Properties of the Stem Bark of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae).

The bioassay-guided fractionation of the n-hexane extract of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae) stem bark yielded scoparone (1), xanthyletin (2), lupeol (3), β-amyrin (4), stigmasterol (5), β-sitosterol (6) and palmitic acid. The structures of these compounds were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, i.e.

Apocynin prevented inflammation and oxidative stress in carbon tetra chloride induced hepatic dysfunction in rats.

Background: Liver fibrosis is a leading pathway to cirrhosis and a global clinical issue. Oxidative stress mediated tissue damage is one of the prime causes of hepatic dysfunction and fibrosis. Apocynin is one of many strong antioxidants.

Phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Drypetes: A review.

Aims: Traditional medicinal use of species of the genus Drypetes is widespread in the tropical regions. The aim of this review is to systematically appraise the literature available to date on phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, toxicology and bioactivity (in vitro and in vivo) of crude extracts and purified compounds.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Plants of the genus Drypetes (Putranjivaceae) are used in the Subsaharan African and Asian traditional medicines to treat a multitude of disorders, like dysentery, gonorrhoea, malaria, rheumatism, sinusitis, tumours, as well as for the treatment of wounds, headache, urethral problems, fever in young children, typhoid and several other ailments.

Ferulone A and ferulone B: two new coumarin esters from Ferula orientalis L. roots.

Ferula orientalis (Apiaceae) is a well-known perennial herb growing wild in Iran used in traditional medicine. To perform phytochemical studies, dried ground roots of F. orientalis were sequentially Soxhlet-extracted using n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol.

Synthesis of 5,6-dichloroindan-1-acids and their tetrazolyl derivatives as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.

Indan derivatives, namely, 5-(5',6'-dichloroindan-1'-yl)-tetrazole (12a) and 5-(5',6'-dichloroindan-1'-yl)- methyltetrazole (12b), were synthesized conveniently from 5,6-dichloroindan-1-carboxylic acid (9a) and 5,6- dichloroindan-1-acetic acid (9b), respectively, as potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of 9a, 9b, 12a and 12b were evaluated by the acetic acid induced writhing in Swiss albino mice and the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema models, respectively. Compounds 9a and 12a exhibited significant analgesic activity with the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight, comparable to that of the positive controls, phenylbutazone, indomethacin and aminopyrine.

Armenin and isoarmenin--two prenylated coumarins from the aerial parts of Artemisia armeniaca.

The reversed-phase (RP) preparative HPLC analyses of the MeOH extract of the aerial parts of Artemisia armeniaca yielded four prenylated coumarins, 7-hydroxy-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)coumarin (named armenin), 8-hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)coumarin (named isoarmenin), lacarol, and deoxylacarol, together with five other compounds, including three flavonoid glycosides, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, rutin, and kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and chlorogenic acid, and tryptophan. (10E,12Z)-9-Hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid (β-dimorphecolic acid) was isolated from the CH(2)Cl(2) extract. Armenin and isoarmenin were new coumarins.

Free radical scavengers from the aerial parts of Euphorbia petiolata.

Reversed-phase preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Euphorbia petiolata Banks & Soland, an endemic Iranian medicinal plant, yielded ten free radical scavengers including eight flavonoid glycosides myricetin 3-O-glucoside (1), kaempferol 3-O-(2-O-galloyl)-glucoside (2), myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside (3), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (4), kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (5), quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (6), kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside (7), and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (10), a coumarin esculetin (8) and a phenylpropanoid 2-hydroxydihydrocinnamic acid (9). The structures of these compounds were elucidated conclusively by spectroscopic means and also by direct comparison of their spectroscopic data with respective published data. The free radical scavenging properties of these compounds were assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay.

Free-radical-scavenging principles from Phlomis caucasica.

Seven free-radical-scavenging phenolic compounds including five flavonoids, rutin (1), chrysoeriol 7-O-rutinoside (2), kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (3), chrysoeriol 7-O-glucoside (4) and naringenin (5), and two phenylethanoid glycosides, forsythoside B (6) and acteoside (7) were isolated from the methanol extract of the aerial parts of the Iranian medicinal plant Phlomis caucasica by reversed-phase preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic means. The free-radical-scavenging properties of 1-7 were assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Among these compounds, forsythoside B (6) and acteoside (7) were found to be the most potent antioxidants with the RC(50) values of 4.

Screening seeds of Scottish plants for antibacterial activity.

Based on ethnopharmacological and taxonomic information, seeds of 21 Scottish plant species from 14 different families were obtained from authentic seed suppliers. Their n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts were assessed for antibacterial activity against 11 pathogenic bacterial species. Methanol extracts of 11 plant species showed significant antibacterial activity.

Further sesquiterpenes from Polygonum viscosum (Polygonaceae).

Two new sesquiterpenes, 4-methoxycarbonyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-6-oxo-3,3a,7,8,8a-pentahydroazulene-1-carboxylic acid (viscoazusone) and 1,4-dimethoxy-carbonyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-6-oxo-3,3a,7,8,8a-pentahydroazulene (viscoazulone), were isolated from the whole plant of Polygonum viscosum. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic means.