Indoxyl sulphate promotes aortic calcification with expression of osteoblast-specific proteins in hypertensive rats.

Background: Stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with enhanced aortic calcification. The aim of this study was to determine if the administration of indoxyl sulphate (IS), a uraemic toxin, stimulates the progression of aortic calcification.

Methods: The rat groups consisted of (i) Dahl salt-resistant normotensive rats (DR) with intake of 0.