Riboflavin transport mediated by riboflavin transporters (RFVTs/SLC52A) at the rat outer blood-retinal barrier.

The previous in vivo study revealed the carrier-mediated transport of riboflavin (vitamin B) across the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). In the present study, the blood-to-retina supply of riboflavin across the outer BRB was assessed in RPE-J cells, a rat-derived in vitro cell model of the outer BRB that is formed by the retinal pigment epithelial cells. In the directional uptake analysis on collagen-coated Transwell® inserts, RPE-J cells showed higher basal-to-cell (B-to-C) uptake (22.

Blood-to-retina transport of riboflavin via RFVTs at the inner blood-retinal barrier.

Riboflavin (vitamin B) supply to the retina across the inner blood-retinal barrier (BRB) was investigated. In rats, the apparent influx permeability clearance of [H]riboflavin (62.8 μL/(min·g retina)) was much higher than that of a non-permeable paracellular marker, suggesting the facilitative influx transport of riboflavin across the BRB.

[Why multi-national clinical trials now?--Industry perspective].

Clinical trial environment in Japan has issues such as high clinical development cost, resource-intensive and time-consuming preparation for clinical trial conduct in each clinical site, long "White Space" and slow speed in pt.recruitment. As a result of the Guideline revision in Nov.