Safety and efficacy of tolvaptan in real‑world Japanese patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: final results of SLOW‑PKD surveillance.

Background: Tolvaptan, a vasopressin type 2 receptor antagonist, has been used to treat autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Japan since 2014.

Methods: This long-term, real-world, post-marketing surveillance (PMS) was conducted in Japan from March 2014 to March 2022. Safety was assessed based on adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

Lipid-mediated presentation of MHC class II molecules guides thymocytes to the CD4 lineage.

Previous studies on the MHC class-specific differentiation of CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes into CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells have focused on the role of coreceptor molecules. However, CD4 and CD8 T cells develop according to their MHC class specificities even in these mice lacking coreceptors. This study investigated the possibility that lineage is determined not only by coreceptors, but is also guided by the way how MHC molecules are presented.