Arabidopsis CURLY LEAF functions in leaf immunity against fungal pathogens by concomitantly repressing SEPALLATA3 and activating ORA59.

Arabidopsis non-host resistance against non-adapted fungal pathogens including Colletotrichum fungi consists of pre-invasive and post-invasive immune responses. Here we report that non-host resistance against non-adapted Colletotrichum spp. in Arabidopsis leaves requires CURLY LEAF (CLF), which is critical for leaf development, flowering and growth.

Dysfunction of Arabidopsis MACPF domain protein activates programmed cell death via tryptophan metabolism in MAMP-triggered immunity.

Plant immune responses triggered upon recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) typically restrict pathogen growth without a host cell death response. We isolated two Arabidopsis mutants, derived from accession Col-0, that activated cell death upon inoculation with nonadapted fungal pathogens. Notably, the mutants triggered cell death also when treated with bacterial MAMPs such as flg22.

The effect size, study design, and development experience in commercially sponsored studies for new drug applications in approved drugs.

Pharmaceutical companies incorporate different features into the trials for new drug applications (NDAs) to render them efficient, making use of their experience. The objective of this analysis was to examine the associations between outcome and features related to study design and clinical development experience in commercially sponsored clinical trials. We collected data of phase 2 and phase 3 trials of all the drugs that obtained approval for depression, schizophrenia, asthma, hypertension, and diabetes in Japan from 1970 to 2011.

Glutathione and tryptophan metabolites are key players in Arabidopsis nonhost resistance against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

The nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis against hemibiotrophic fungi in the genus Colletotrichum consists of pre- and post-invasive immune responses. Previously, we reported EDR1 and PEN2 as important components of Arabidopsis pre-invasive resistance toward non-adapted Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Cg). However, despite their defect in entry control pen2 and edr1 mutants terminated further growth of this pathogen by activating the post-invasive hypersensitive response (HR) accompanied by plant cell death.

Glutathione and tryptophan metabolism are required for Arabidopsis immunity during the hypersensitive response to hemibiotrophs.

The hypersensitive response (HR) is a type of strong immune response found in plants that is accompanied by localized cell death. However, it is unclear how HR can block a broad range of pathogens with different infective modes. In this study, we report that γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase GSH1, which is critical for glutathione biosynthesis, and tryptophan (Trp) metabolism contribute to HR and block development of fungal pathogens with hemibiotrophic infective modes.

[Cancer board--new medical system in cancer clinic].

To proceed with more patient-oriented cancer medicine, the development of a new medical system is necessary in Japan. In Ariake Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, a new medical system has been developed, which is composed of a common outpatient clinic and a conference system. The core conference system is called "Cancer Board".

[Influence of primary disease factors on outcome after resection of colorectal liver metastases?].

The outcome after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer is influenced not only by factors of metastatic lesions but also those of primary disease. To clarify whether primary disease factors are predictive of post-resection outcome of colorectal liver metastases, 180 patients (male : female = 114 : 66; 61.1 +/-10.

Novel kruppel-like factor is induced by neuronal activity and by sensory input in the central nervous system of the terrestrial slug Limax valentianus.

In the Limax central nervous system, the procerebrum is thought to be the locus of odor information processing and odor memory retention, but little is known about the input pathway of the noxious stimuli used in this learning protocol. To gain insight into the sensory information processing of the noxious stimuli involved in memory formation, we screened genes induced by artificial neuronal activity, and identified one kruppel-like factor (KLF) family transcription factor gene (Limax KLF; limKLF), which is up-regulated 30 min after depolarization. The limKLF protein fused to GFP was localized to the nucleus in COS-7 cells.

Determination of glycated hemoglobin in clinically silent hemoglobin variants.

Background: Evaluation of glycated hemoglobin determination methods in patients with clinically silent hemoglobin variants.

Methods: HbA1c results were determined with various methods, including a new enzymatic assay, a boronate affinity HPLC, immunoassays and ion-exchange HPLC in patients with the clinically silent hemoglobin variants Hb Graz, Hb Sherwood Forest, Hb D and Hb O Padova.

Results: The effect of hemoglobin variants on glycated hemoglobin determination was method-dependent.

The hippocampus plays an important role in eyeblink conditioning with a short trace interval in glutamate receptor subunit delta 2 mutant mice.

Mutant mice lacking the glutamate receptor subunit delta2 exhibit changes in the structure and function of the cerebellar cortex. The most prominent functional feature is a deficiency in the long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses. These mutant mice exhibit severe impairment during delay eyeblink conditioning but learn normally during trace eyeblink conditioning without the cerebellar LTD, even with a 0 trace interval.