Activation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase by Clotrimazole Induces Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 3 Activation through a Novel Transcriptional Element.

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3) is a basolaterally localized transporter in the liver and contributes to the transport of various metabolites such as conjugates of endogenous compounds and drugs from hepatocytes. MRP3 expression in the human liver is low under normal physiologic conditions but is induced by drug treatment. Although several studies have identified a region necessary for the basal transcription of MRP3, no region that responds to drugs has been reported.

Pharmacokinetics characterization of liposomal amphotericin B: investigation of clearance process and drug interaction potential.

AmBisome, a liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (CAS 1397-89-3, L-AMB), shows different pharmacokinetics from the conventional formulation, amphotericin B deoxycholate (D-AMB). To characterize the clearance process of L-AMB, the form in which it exists in rat plasma, pharmacokinetics in hepatic or renal failure rats, cellular distribution in rat liver, and placental and milk transfer in rat were investigated. Furthermore, to predict the drug-drug interaction, in vitro metabolism of amphotericin B (AMB) by rat, dog and human liver S9 fraction, and effects of L-AMB on drug-metabolizing enzyme systems were investigated.

Thermoadaptation trait revealed by the genome sequence of thermophilic Geobacillus kaustophilus.

We present herein the first complete genome sequence of a thermophilic Bacillus-related species, Geobacillus kaustophilus HTA426, which is composed of a 3.54 Mb chromosome and a 47.9 kb plasmid, along with a comparative analysis with five other mesophilic bacillar genomes.