Lung cancer staging, the established role of bronchoscopy.

Purpose Of Review: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In the absence of distant metastases, accurate mediastinal nodal staging determines treatment approaches to achieve most favourable outcomes for patients. Mediastinal staging differentiates N0/N1 disease from N2/N3 in surgical candidates.

Invasive modalities for the diagnosis of peripheral lung nodules.

Introduction: Lung nodules are being increasingly discovered either incidentally or through lung cancer screening chest CT scans. Some of these will turn out to be malignant and therefore it is important to obtain an accurate and timely diagnosis of lung cancer when suspected.

Areas Covered: This review will cover various invasive diagnostic modalities available to sample lung nodules.

Pulmonary T-cell lymphoma masquerading as eosinophilic pneumonitis.

Primary pulmonary T-cell lymphoma is an unusual subtype of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS). This is a general term used to describe a diverse group of T-cell-type lymphomas that would otherwise not be classified as a PTCL. Among non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, PTCL accounts for 12% of cases.

State-of-the-Art Modalities for Peripheral Lung Nodule Biopsy.

Lung nodules are being increasingly detected, particularly with lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography. Although the vast majority of lung nodules are benign, many often require tissue diagnosis. Several modalities to obtain diagnostic tissue from peripheral lung nodules are available.

Electromagnetic Navigational Bronchoscopy for Peripheral Pulmonary Nodules.

Electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy is a useful addition to the array of modalities available to sample peripheral lung lesions. Its utility in diagnosing peripheral lesions has been steadily increasing since the Food and Drug Administration first approved it in 2004. The improvement can be attributed to continuous refinement in technology, increasing training and experience with the procedure, perhaps widespread availability of rapid onsite cytologic evaluation, and better patient selection.